tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1490241856363016132024-03-13T21:55:04.122-07:00INSTAGOS-Instant LogosBiblical, Theological, Ethical, Eschatological, Christian Ministry, Christian Education, Pluralistic Society, Major Religious Tradition, Indian Philosophy, Secular Movement, History of Christianity, Missiological, Mission and Evangelism, Ecumenical Movement, Role of Women, Feminist, Reformation, Missionary Movement, Science and Religion, Communication, Ministerial Formation, Pastoral Care and Counselling, Marriage and Family, Social Change, Homiletics, Ecology, Psychology, Worship, Sexualityinstagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.comBlogger298125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-11635748523839727552023-09-19T20:54:00.000-07:002023-09-19T20:54:26.417-07:00GOG LE MOGOG CHUNGCHANGA BIBLE HRILLÂWKNA<p> <b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">GOG LE MOGOG CHUNGCHANGA BIBLE <span style="text-transform: uppercase;">HRILLÂWKNA</span></span></b></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Johny Laldinthar F.
Tusing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">27<sup>th</sup>
August, 2021,</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEibn-oSPa264SWDU310cCR3-v6W_Tsqs8smM_valPDVWxAXbAnT0TrjppePC79MKbdsXgGuO4rDnczSRZU2NfkrFsCTEAwkyAvYfVrP6t9t6mMiovfkQtIIhbeuADBckeiOzd738NE7jlUxi_1pGUnTgnm7FeQUv20ao2qMlLO5nH66x3RVvQfjFXyV0Nl8" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="300" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEibn-oSPa264SWDU310cCR3-v6W_Tsqs8smM_valPDVWxAXbAnT0TrjppePC79MKbdsXgGuO4rDnczSRZU2NfkrFsCTEAwkyAvYfVrP6t9t6mMiovfkQtIIhbeuADBckeiOzd738NE7jlUxi_1pGUnTgnm7FeQUv20ao2qMlLO5nH66x3RVvQfjFXyV0Nl8=w400-h224" width="400" /></a></div><br /> Birthday Special<o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mitin in Hun Tâwp
a thiltlung dân ding hi ei ngaiven in, hriet ei nuom a, ei na ei sit far. <i>“Zani
ta thiltlung I hriet nuom chun newspaper tiem la, vawisun â thiltlung hriet I
nuom chun zantieng chanchinthar en/ngai rawh, hmatienga thiltlung ding I hriet
nuom a ni chun Bible tiem raw”</i> an lo ti hi andik hlê. Hmatienga thiltlung
ding hriet ding chun Pathien Thu hi ei suibinga, ei hriet a pawimaw hlê. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ei Bible hi Hrillâwkna lekhabu (Book of Prophecy) danglam tak a
nih. Bible-a Law of Proportion
(inbûktawk dân) chun, <i>‘Bible a hrillâwkna hin Bible hmun li-a ṭhe a hmun
khat (One-Fourth) tawp hi hrillâwkna a nih’</i> a tih. Thuthlung Hlui hi 28.5%
hrillâwkna a ni a, Thuthlung Thar hi 21.5% a ni bawk, a pumpui in 27% zet el
hrillâwkna a nih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Isu Krista le inzawmin 333 zet hrillâwkna a um a, 109 hai hi a vawikhat hungna
(First Coming) khan a tlung indik tah, 224 hai hi a vawihni hungna (Second
Coming) â, a la tlung ding a nih. Krista hung nâwkna thu hi Thuthlung Thar bung
260 sung vawi 300 lai hrillang a nih,
chu umzie chu chang 30 pei a vawikhat a hril tina a nih. Thuthlung Thar lekhabu
27 hai laia 23 zet in Isu Hung nâwkna ding thu an ziek seng a nih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Hieng
zât zât hrillâwkna bawkân amanih ei ngaipawimaw naw a ni chun Bible a hmun
pawimawtak ei maksan ding tina a nih. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Thupuongsuo 1:3 a chun, “hrillâwkna bu thu tiemtu le ngaia a sûnga
thu ziek pawmtuhai chu an <i>hamṭha</i>; a hun chu a hnai ta sih a” a tih. Hi
taka ‘hamṭha’ ti hi ‘<i>makarios’</i> ti a nih, chu chu malsawmna changtu,
ditsakna hmutu ti thei a nih. Hi lei hin Thupuongsuo hi Scholar thenkhat hai chun
<i>‘Malsawmna Lekhabu (Blessing Book)’</i> an ti hiel. Thup.1:3 hin malsawmna
thuothum (threefold) a hril- tiemtu, ngaitu le pawmtuhai (who read, who listen
and who obey). Hrillâwkna hi tiem a, ngaiven a, zâwma pawm ding a nih.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prophetic Scholar Paul N. Benware chun Hrillâwkna hrilfie dân
bulpui (principle) pali a hril- (1) a ngiel ngan in a thu ang tlap a
inlet/hrilfie ding (Interpret the prophetic passage literally); (2) Ziek danga
hrillâwkna zieka umhai le enkhi ding (Interpret by comparing prophecy with
prophecy); (3) Hun bituk hun sûng zuolzuia hrilfie ding (Interpret in light of
the possible time intervals); (4) tekhînna/inentirna ṭawngkam hai Pathien Thu
le inmila hrilfie ding (Interpret figurative language scripturally).<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Hienghai hi Paul Benware chun hrillâwkna hrilfie le sui dan ding a hrilhai chu
an nih.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hrillâwkna hai hi uluk taka sui a, ziek danga mihai le enkhi a,
mithiem lem hai thuziek abîkin evangelical scholar hai thlûrbing a suichieng
rawp ding a nih. Tuta ṭum hin Gog le Magog chungchang ei suibing ding a nih.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gog le Mogog chungchanga hrillâwkna hi Bible ah hmun hni lai hmu
ding a um. Ezekiel 38-39 le Thupuongsuo 20:8 a hai ei hmu. Hieng hmun hnia
zieklanga umhai hi hming thuhmun chie an nih. Chieng lem in, inthuk lema ei
suizau-in, a hun le a tlung dân ding ruok hi chu thuhmun niin anlang nawh.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Walvoord
le Hitchcock hai chun, ‘mi tamtak buoiin Ezekiel le Thupuongsuo hi an keimat
hlak, sienkhawm hun hran ve ve niin tlung dân hran (separate event) an nih’ an
tih.</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Hi thu ziektu
pawm dân le hriet dân khawm a nih.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ezekiel le Thupuongsuo a Gog le Mogog Danglamna<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hi hrillâwkna
pahnihai a Gog le Mogog chungthu hi thuhmun an ni am? ti zawna hi zawna tlanglâwn
tak a nih. Hrillâwkna tienga mithiem (Prophetic Scholars) hai chun a dang ve ve
niin an pawm. Hieng hin an danglamna suklang ei tih. Prophetic Scholar J.
Dwight Pentecost khawm in hieng a hnuoia mi hai hi a lo ṭhangsan ve a nih. <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. Ezekiel
38-39 a hin Gog le Mogog sipaihai chu hmârtieng ram anthawk rambung hming sût
bîk hai (specific nations) anthawka hung dingin a hril. Thupuongsuo 20:8 a ruok
chun rambung popo hnuoi kil lia hnamhai (every corner of the world) anthawk an
ni ding thu a hril lem.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Ezekiel
38-39 indona a hin Satan zieklang in a um nawh a, Thupuongsuo a ruok chun Satan
khuopin a um (ân tangnaa) anthawka insuoa a um zo a thiltlung dingin a mi hril.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><sup><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></sup></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. Ezekiel
38-39 hi Rinumna Râpthlak hun, kum sang rorêlna (Millennium) hma; Isreal
ralmuong taka a um lai a tlung ding niin anlang. Ezekiel 40-48 hin kum sang
rorêl hun a ziek. Thupuongsuo 20:8 ruok hi chu kum sâng (millennium) (Thup.20:1-6)
zo chie a tlung dingin a hril. Hi zo hin Lalṭhungphar Vâr Ropuitak Rorêlna (The
Great White Throne Judgment) um a ta, vân hmasa le hnuoi hmasa bo tâng a ta,vân
thar le hnuoi thar in thlâk ni tâng a tih (Thup.21:1). <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Merril
F. unger chun, ‘Ezekiel 38-39 le Thupuongsuo 20:8 inkar hi kum sang khat chuong
a tla ding a nih’ a tih. <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. Ezekiel
38-39 indona hin Pathien in ama kuom tieng Israel a ṭhuoi kîr na ding a nih
(Ez.39:21-29). Thupuongsuo 20:8 ruok a hin chu Israel chu kum sâng khat zet
(kum sâng lalram)Pathien tadingin an lo ringum der tah. <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ezekiel 39:4, 17 a chun hmêlhma hung dotuhai chu <i>Israel tlânga</i>
an boral ding thu ei hmu. Thupuongsuo 20:9 a ruok chun, Kum sâng rorêl tâwp a
sukbohmang a an umna ding hmun chu <i>phaizawl</i> a ni thu a hril. <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6. Ezekiel
38-39 indo zo hin indona thuomhnaw hmangruo/hriemhrei hai meiin raw hiel an ta,
<i>kum sari </i>sûng hrehmang nîng a ta (Ez.39:9), ram sukthiengna in
mithiruong khawm <i>thla sari</i> sûng an phûm bawk ding a nih (Ez.39:12).
Thupuongsuo 20:8 a ruok chun hieng ang ni lovin vâna inthawkin mei hung tla
thla in a kânghmang lem ding a nih (Thup.20:9).Hi zo hin Satan chu mei le kât
dila Trinity indiklo-Unholy Trinity(Satan, Anti Christ and False Prophet)
Krista Kaltu (Sahrâng) le zâwlnei tehlem hai umna a chun pei ning a tih
(Thup.20:10).<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gog le Mogog
chungthu a ei hrietfie awlsam dân tak ding chu ‘Waterloo’ (1815 a Napoleon a
tlâwmna) ang hi a ni ding a nih, waterloo ei ti chun hnesâw taka hnena
(disaster/crushing defeat) hrilna dingin Apostol Johan in hun tawp tieng taka a
hung hmang nâwk ang a nih. Chuleiin, khawvêl in indopui pahni ei lo hmasuon
Indopui Pakhatna le Pahnina ang char in Gog le Magog Pakhatna (Ez.38-39) le Gog
le Mogog Pahnina (Thup.20) hai hi an ni ding a nih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ezekiel </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">in<b> </b>Gog
le Magog chungthu a hrilna 38-39 hma char 36-37 hi Israel tungding nâwkna a
hril. Gog le Mogog zoa Bung 40-48 hin Kum Sâng rorêl a hril bawk. Hi lei hin
Gog le Mogog in Israel a rûnna hi Israel rambung tungding nawkna le Thlarau
tienga Israel tungding nawkna (Israel’s Spiritual Rebirth) inkara tlung ding a
nih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Thupuongsuo 12:9, 13 a chun Satan chu vânah inthawk hnuoia
peithlakin a um a, nau pasal neitu nuhmei chu a suknawmna taa” tiin. Hi taka
nuhmei ti hi Israel, Isu Krista hung insiengna an entir. Satan in suknawmnat
dinga a hmalak hmasatakna chu Gog le Mogog Indona hi a nih. Hi indona hi
Armageddon Indona hmaa tlung ding a nih. <b><i>Russia</i></b><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> le a
ṭhangruolpui rambung tamtak hai in vengtu neilo nau mal ang ela Israel an
beihrawn ding a nih. Hi inbeinaa a kaikungpa tak chu Satan a ni ding a nih. <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ezekiel 5:5 a chun, Lalpa PATHIEN chun hieng ang hin a ti a nih:
“Hi hi Jerusalem chu a nih, hnamhai laia (in the midst of the nations) chun ka
sie ta a, ramhai (countries) chu a vêlin an um a” a ti hi vawisûn a khawvêl
inlumlet dân (Taliban chungthu hai) dâm hi a hung tlung indikna pei a nih. Bible
a hrillâwkna a ram leilung hril a ni phât Israel ram anthawk a hril hlak.
Daniel 11:5-35 ei en chun, hun tâwp a Israel hung beitu ding chu Hmârtieng lal
a ni ding thu a hril. Ezekiel 38:6,15 ei en chun Israel beitu ding ramhai chu
hmârtieng tâwptaka inthawka an hung ding thu a hril. Israel rambung anthawka
hmârtieng tâwptak ram do thei ding chu Russia hi a nih.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ezekiel 38: 1-2, “Chun, LALPA thu chu ka kuomah a hung tlung a:
"Mihriem naupa, Ros, Mesek le Tubal hai hotu tak Magog rama Gog tieng ngha
la, a chunga chun thu hril la.” Hi taka hrilawkna hming a hrilhai laia hin Gog
chau hi rambung ni lo niin mihriem (hotu/ṭhuoitu) angin a hril.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zawlnei Ezekiel in kum 2600 liem ta khan hun tâwp a Israel hung
rûntu ding ramhai a lo hrillâwkna bung 38-39 hin rambung iemanizat zetin
anbeihrawn ding thu a hril. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Israel beihrawntu ding rambung (Islamic rambung deu vawng) hrillawka
umhai-<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. Rosh:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ṭhenkhat in Russia hrillangna hi hrietchienglo ngaidan le
ngairuotna (hypothesis) ang chauin an hril. Hrillâwkna le Hun tâwp hrilna
tienga mithiem hai lekhabu tamtak ka tiem le ka sui ve dan a chun <i>Ros hi
Russia</i> ni ngei dingin ka ring.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prophetic Scholar hmingthang Dr. John F. Walvoord chun, “Tienlaia
thumal hmang hlak inthleng dân en in consonants hi a danglam ngai nawh, vowel
ruok chu thlâkin a um hlak, chuleiin ‘Rosh’ a ‘o’ hi ‘u’ a thlâk in ‘Russia’
hming hung suokna bulṭhut (root word) a nih” a tih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bible a hmun-nghat zâwng (geographical direction) hrilna a hin
Israel hi a lailung a sie hlak (Ez.5:5). Zâwlnei Daniel in ‘Hmârtieng lal’
(Dan.7:11) hun tâwp a a hung suok ding thu a lo hril. Zâwlnei Ezekiel khawmin
Israel dotu chu hmârtieng tâwptaka inthawk an hung ding thu a hril bawk
(Ez.38:6,15). Israel ram anthawk hmârtieng ram Israel bei theitu ding hi Russia
char hi niin anlang.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bible Translation hieng- King James Version (KJV), Revised Standard
Version (RSV), English Standard Version (ESV), New American Bible (NAB), New
Living Translation (NLT) le New International Version (NIV) hai hin ‘Ros’ ti hi
hming narân (common noun) ang in an inlet. Translation hieng Jerusalem Bible,
New English Bible le New American Standard Bible (NASB) hai ruok chun hming tak
(proper noun) in an sie ve thung. Ezekiel a ‘Ros’ hi Proper noun a hmang hi a
bûk a rik lem, asan- (1) Hebrai Scholars C.F. Keil le Wilhemn Gesenius hai chun
Ez.38-39 a proper noun a hmang a rambung (geographical location) a inlet hin
andik lem niin anhril<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. (2)
Septuagint (Thuthlung Hlui Greek ṭawnga inlet) chun Proper noun in a sie.
Septuagint hi Ezekiel ziek an’thawka kum 300 hnung chaua inlet a nih (modern
translation hai nêkin a original a hnai lem). <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Rosh
ti hi Ez.38:2 a ziek hmasatak a ni a, Ez.38:3 le 39:1 a ziek nawn a nih. Title
ang chau nisien a nuhnung lem pahnihai hi Hebrai a chun a nawn na hi zieklang
lo annawleh a tawizawng (abbreviated) a ziek ding a nih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
G.A.Cooke chun Ez.38:2 hi “Ros lal(<span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #001320;">נְשִׂ֕יא רֹ֖אשׁ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background: white; color: #001320;"><span dir="LTR"></span>- nesi Rosh)</span>,
Mesek le Tubal..” ti hi Hebrai ṭawng inlet dân kalhmang indik niin a hril. (3)
New Bible Dictionary, Wycliff Bible Dictionary le International Standard Bible
Encyclopedia le Bible Dictionary dang danghai chun Rosh hmaa articles um hin
Proper noun ngei niin an hrilfie. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ros hi proper noun a nina inthawk Russia a ni thei dân ei tarlang
taa, hmun (ram) umna nei a ni anthawkin Russia a ni thei dân hei biechieng nâwk
ei tih. (1) Ṭawng zuolzuiin (linguistically) Rosh hi Russia ni thei ngei in
anlang. Hebrai Scholar Wilhemn Gesenius chun, “Rosh hi ringhlana um dêr loin
Russia hi a nih” a lo ti tawp.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> (2)
Chanchin suina (Historically) anthawkin Ezekiel hun lai hin Rash, Reshu amanih
Ros ti hming put hnam tuta Russia simtieng hin anlo um hrim a nih. <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Hienga chungah zieklang a umhai a
inthawk hin ‘Ros’(Rosh) ti hi Russia ti hi andik ngei ring a um. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">‘Gog’</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> ti hi Ezekiel
38-39 inkar hin vawi 11 zet el a hril nawn. Gog hin Russia le a ṭhangruolpui
ramhai anrawi ding niin anlang.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Gog
umzie chu “insâng” amanih “chunghnung” tina a nih. Hi lei hin Scholars hai chun
title hieng “Pharaoh”, “Caesar” “President” ang hi ni ngei dingin an pawm. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. <b>Magog</b>: Genesis 10:2 a chun, Magog chu Japheth naupasal
pahnina a nih; ama chu Noah tupa a nih. Mithiemhai suina a chun Magog a hluo
ram hi Scythians hai lo umna Black and Caspian Seas sevêla tlânghai hi niin an
hril. David Jeremiah in hieng ramhai hi “-stan” a tawpna nei hieng Kazakhstan,
Kyrghyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turmenistan, Tajikistan le Afghanistan chen Soviet
lalram in a lo awpna hai Islam rambunghai hi ni dingin a ring.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Mark
Hitchcock khawmin ni ngei dinga a ringna san chu, ‘hieng rambunghai hin vawisun
hin inangna pakhat annei chu ‘sakhuo pakhat nei Islam’ hi a nih. Magog hi anni
rambunghai naw hi chu ni thei dingin ring a um nawh’ a tih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. <b>Mesek le Tubal</b>: Mesek le Tubal hai hi Japheth a nau pasal
pangâna le parukna an nih. Noah tuhai tho an nih (Gen.10:2). C.I. Scofield chun
Mesek hi Moscow, Tubal hi Tobolsk niin a hril.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Ṭhenkhat
ruok chun Turkey ram hi niin an ngai. Mesek le Tubal hai hi Greek lekhaziek
haia Moschoi le Tibarenoi tia inziek le Musku le Tabal tia Assyrian lungziek inziek
a umhai hi niin anlang. Walvoord le Hitchcock hai chun hieng hmun hai hi tuta
Turkey, Islam rambung hi an nih an tih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. <b>Persia</b>: Ez.38:5 a chun Persia, Kus le Put an ṭhang ve thu
a hril. Persia, Persian amanih Persians ti inziekna hi Bible a 35 lai zet ei
hmu. Persia hi 1935 March thla khan Iran tia thlâkthleng in a um a, 1979 khan ‘Islamic
Republic of Iran’ tia thlâk a nih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Iran
hin Middle East ram le Thlângtieng ramhai a sukbuoi nasa hlê. Israel ram
tadinga hnawtsakum tak a ni hrim.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5. <b>Kus</b>: Kus (Cush) hi Noah naupa Hem a nau pasal upatak a
nih. Kus hin Ethiopia hi a hmusuok a nih. Ethiopians hai hi Cushites tia hriet
an ni bawk. Bible sut thar haia chun Kus (Cush) ti hi Ethiopia tiin an inlet
deu vawng a nih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Kus hin Sudan rambung le Ethiopia hai inkawpa hrilna niin anlang.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Africa rambung pahni ṭhang ve ding laia pakhat a nih. Sudan hi Israel dotu le
an hmêlhma ni zing an nih. 1991-1996 inkar a Osama Bin Laden humhimtu kha a ni
bawk.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6. <b>Put</b>: Put hi Ham a naupasal pathumna a nih. Put hin Libya
hi a hmusuok ram a nih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Libya hi ram nêlum lo zet el, rorêltu nunrawng Muammar Gaddafi in 1969 anthawk kum
41 zet el a lo awpde kha a nih. Vawisun ni chen buoina le tharum insuona a la
tawp chuong nawh. Russia, Iran le Syria hai hin inlaichinna tha siemin, a rûka
thawtlang zing an nih.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7. <b>Gomer</b>: Ez.38:6 a,
Gomer le Togarma hai an ṭhang ve ding thu ei hmu. Gen.10:2 a chun, Gomer chi
Japheth a nau pasal upatak a ni thu ei hmu. Mi tamtakin Gomer hi tuta Germany
hi ni dingin an ring. John Phillips chun, ‘Bible a Gomer le a rawihai popo ti
hin United and Greater Germany hi ringhla a um nawh’ a tih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Judahai historian Josephus chun Gomer mihai (Gomerites) hai hi Central Turkey
lai anlo khawsa hlak niin a hril.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Turkey ram hin Russia inthuruolpui zing zing Middle East ram buoina a khawm
langsar tak el a ni zing. Gomer hin Turkey ram el bâka Germany khawm anṭhangsa
thei a nih.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8. <b>Togarma</b>: Togarma chu Japheth naupa Gomer a nau pasal
pathumna a nih (Gen.10:3). Ezekiel hril dân in hmârtieng tâwptaka ti hi Turkey
(Turkestan) hi ni ngei dinga ring a nih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Tienlaia
Togarmah ti hi Tilgaramu (Assyrian) amanih Tegarma (Hittite) tia hriet khawm an
ni bawk. Hi ram hi tuta Turkey, Israel hmârtieng â um hi a nih. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ezekiel38-39 a Russia le ṭhangkawp ding rambung hai chu-<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Magog</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- Modern
Central Asia (Soviet Union anthawka Islam ram kawidar hai- Kazakhstan,
Kyrghyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turmenistan, Tajikistan le Afghanistan) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mesek le Tubal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- Turkey<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Persia</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- Iran<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ethiopia</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- Ethiopia le
Sudan <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Put</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- Libya<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gomer</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- Turkey
(Germany khawm ni dinga ring)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Togarma</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- Turkey
Simtieng (Israel Hmârtieng)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hieng rambung ṭhangruolhai
hin Israel hmasuon dingin anla’n thawksuok ding a nih. Hi indona hi râpthlaktak
a ni ding a nih. Hmârtieng anthawk Russia le Turkey sipai in hung nawr antah.
Saktieng anthawk Iran in hung zawm antah, Simtieng anthawk Sudan (Ethiopia) le
Libya, tlangtieng anthawk Germany (ni dinga ring) in khawvel rambung iemanizat
thangruolin Revive European Coalitions of Nations ti ning a tih. Israel beitu
dinghai chu hnam tamtak, ram inkhumtu sûmpui ang an ni ding thu a hril
(Ez.38:9)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Iengleia rambung thangkhawmhai hin Israel an do hrawn ding ning a
ta?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ezekiel in a dawnna pathum a hril:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. Israel ram la dingin: </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“khuohai
kul neiloa an umna rama chun hang fêng ka ta... , hnuoi lailia chênga ran
ruolhai le thuomhnawhai neia khawsahai chunga chun kut inlet dingin fêng ka
tih, tîng i ta.” (v.11-12)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Israel ram hausakna la pêk dingin:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Râllâk sumhai la ding le, râlhai man ding le, tuta hluoa um tah
hmun... Rângkachak le tangka dâm phur hmang ding le, ran ruolhai chu ṭhuoi
hmanga, thuomhnawhai chu la hmang a, râllâk sum nasatak el la ding..” (v.12-13)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. Israel hnamhai sukchimit dingin:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> “ka mi Israelhai chu hung do i ta, sûmpuiin ram a hung tuom ding
ang elin...” (v.16)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hi Indona hi iengtik hun a tlung diem a na?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ezekiel chun hi thiltlung na
ding hin thil pathum (three events) a hril: Pahnihai hi andik ta a, a pathumna
ruok chu hmatieng a tlung ding thil a nih ttin Dr. Jeremiah chun a hril.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. Israel indar a umhai chu an ram ngeia an chengkhawm tading a
nih:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ezekiel hin Israelhai an ramah thuoikîr in an um ding thu vêl tam a hril nawn (Ez.38:8 –vawihni, 12;
39:25, 27, 28). Ezekiel hrillawkna hi 1948 hma kha chu andikthei naw, Judahai
thuoikîr in anla um naw leiin.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Israel ram chu ram hausa le inhnarum a ni ding a nih:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ezekiel chun Israelhai an ramah an kîr hnung chun Pathienin
malsawmna a vur ding thu a hril. “In sûnga chun mihriem le sa khawm sukpung ka
ta; pung an ta, ra hlâwk an tih; chun, a hmaa in lo um dân pângngai ang bawk
khan hluoa um dingin siem ka ti che a, in um ṭantir lai nêk hman khan in
chungah thaw ṭha lem ka tih” (Ez.36:11) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Israel hung insiemthar nawkna leiin ram hausa tak le thilthawthei
tak hung ning a ta, a kâwl le vela ramhai in inhnar khawpin a um ding a nih.
Vawisun hin Nasdaq (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated
Quatations) index a chun Israel hi Companies ṭha tamna tak a pathumna US le
China dawttu a nih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Forbes in a tarlang dânin khawvêl a startups per capita insângtak chu Israel
niin a hril. ‘Israel A Startup Nation’ tiin The New Silicon Valley of the World
anti hiel.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The Azrieli Center, Tel Aviv dam khu khawvêl a tech hubs ropui pawltaka ngai a
nih. Company ropui le khawvêl hriet hlaw hieng, SeeVoov, Silentium, Itai Green,
le dang danghai hi an duoi naw in an chîn naw hlê. Israeli Air Force (IAF),
Israel Defense Forces (IDF), Israel’s Iron Dome Air Defence Missile System hai
hi khawvêl hrilkai an nih. Israel mi hrim hrim tiem-in mi 71 billionaires an um
mêk a, per capita enkhi chun khawvêl a billionaires tamna tak a pahnina an nih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. A pathumna hi Israel Muongna (Israel’s Peace) a nih</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: Hi ruok hi chu la tlung lo, hmatienga la tlung ding a nih. Gog
chapona tawngbau, “khuohai kul neiloa an umna rama chun hang fêng ka ta, to ṭawk
ṭawka chênghai, himtaka chênghai kuoma chun; an rêngin kul neiloin an chêng a,
dai kawtkhârhai le kalna thîrtluonhai boin” (Ez.38:11)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Israel ramah muongna a tlung hun hi a la tlung ngei ding a nih. Hi
hi Bible in a hrillawk. Daniel 9:27 muongna a hung tlungna ding a lo hrillawk,
“Chun, hapta khat chu mi tamtak leh thuthlung dettak siem a ta(Krista Kaltu).”
Krista kaltu hung inlang a ta, ama chun Israel muong taka a um na ding le an
himna ding intiemin Inremna thuthlung siempui a tih. Hi thuthlung hi kum sari
sûng aw’ng a tih (Dan.9:27). Hitchcock, Walvoord le Jeremiah hai chun ‘Rapture
zo Daniel 9:26, a “lal hung suok a ta (a ruler will arise)” a ti angin Krista
Kaltu (Anti Christ) in kum sari sûng inremna thuthlung siem a ta (Dan.9:27-Daniel’s
Seventieth Week) hi hun sûng, kum thum ṭumkhatna (rinumna hun hmasalem sûng) hun
tâwp tieng hi a nih’ an tih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Mark
Hitchcok hrilfie dân a chun, indona hriemhrei/hmangruo hrehmangna hi Rinumna
hun khel chen Kum Sâng Rorêl kum khawm thangsa dingin ring a um” tiin a hril. <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ron Rodhes chun, ‘Rapture zo, Rinumna (tribulation) hma charin
tlung dingin a ngai, indona hmangruo hrehmangna hun kum sari um thei bawk a ta
chuleiin hi hrillâwkna hi Rapture le Tribulation inkar a dingin andik tak ka
ring” a tih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Arnold Fruchtenbaum khawmin Rapture le Tribulation inkar a tlung ding niin a
hril.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Krista Kaltu hin Israel le Arab rambung inlaichinna siemṭhat hi a
tum tak laia mi hung nîng a ta, rambung inzawmkhawm aiawtu hung ning a ta, hi
hun sûng hin Israel le inremna thuthlung a siem ding a nih. Hi hun sûng vêk hin
Israel in a sipai thahratna sukhnuoi a ta, ram sukhmasawn tumin ṭhang khaw lem
a tih. Hi hun a hin Israel chu kul neilo, dai khawtkhar nei loa a um hmasatak ṭum
niin Russia le ṭhangruol pawl hai bei hun tak (ripe target)a ni ding a
nih. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gog le Mogog Indona a Russia le a ṭhangruolpui hai ngirhmun ding<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Israel indona hrim hrim a hin, an hmelhma hai hi a tam lem anni
tlangpui. Gog le Mogog indona â an hmelhma tam dân ding Ezekiel in a zieklang
dân a chun, “Hmârtieng kil khâwra hmunhaia inthawk chun hung i ta, nang le i
kuoma mi tamtak leh, anni chu an rêngin sakawr chunga chuong, pâwl ropuitak,
sipai pâwl thilthawtheitak nîng an ta; ka mi Israelhai chu hung do i ta, <i>sûmpuiin
ram a hung tuom ding ang elin</i> (Ez.38:15-16). Sûmpuiin ram a tuom ding ang
elin Russia le a thawpui rambunghai chu antam ding a nih.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rambung ṭhangkhawm hai in Israel ando hrawn nasan pathum ei
zieklang hai bâka a palina ni thei chu hi Russia le ṭhangkhawm rambunghai hin
Pathien lâka anlo hel hlak zie leia Pathien hremna a tlung theina ding khawm a
nih. “hnamhai chun LALPA, Israela Mi Inthieng chu ka nih ti mi hre tâng an tih”
(Ez.39:7) a tih. Israel a hnam thlanghai le humhima an umna dingin Pathien kut
hung inlangin hieng hmelhma hai hneban dingin sietna danglam tak tak pali a
tlung ding a nih.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.Lîrhning nasatak tlung a tih:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Sietna hmasatak zawlnei Ezekiel in a hril chu lîrhning rapthlâk tak a tlung
ding hi a nih. Hi lirhning hi khawvêl lirhning inkhina richter scale inkhi ruol
ni naw nih. In insang le ropuitak tak hai tlu rem rum khawp in hrât a tih.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Israel a inṭan (epicenter) nisienkhawm khawvêl dengsuok khawpin inhnîng nasa’ng
a tih. “Matheiloin, chu ni chun Israel rama chun inhnîngna nasatak um a ta”
(Ez.38:19,20)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Sipai le sipai inbeituona:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Lîrhning rapthlâk leiin sipai hai karah
buoina nasatak suksuok a tih. Dr. Walvoord chun hieng hin a hril, “Buoina
nasatak leiin sipai le sipai karah inhrietthiemnawna suok a ta, anni le anni an
inbeituo ding a nih” tiin.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Pathienin Israelhai a lo sansuok dân angin an hmelhma hai insukbohmangtuo an
tum seng ding a nih. (2 Chro. 20:22-25). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. Hripui a dolet nîng an tih:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Russia le a thawpui rambunghai doletna dinga Pathien hmangruo ding chu hripui
le thisen a ni ding a nih (Ez.38:22). Mithiruong tamtak phum senglo chu a
ramphêkin a thâng el ding a nih. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. Sietna dang dang hmangin:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Russia le ṭhangkawp rambunghai hi Pathienin Sodom le Gomorrah a suksiet ang el
in ruopui vânâwnin angin ṭêk le mei le meitâwklungin ansûr tir ding a nih
(Ez.38:22). Mogog ram chenin hi sietna rapthlâktak hi tlung a tih. Magog le
thlierkâra chêngtuhai chunga chun mei tir ka ta; chun, LALPA chu ka nih ti mi
hre tâng an tih (Ez.39:6).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Indo zoa thil tlung ding<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ezekiel 38 hin Gog le a sipaihai suksiet le hneban a an um dan a
hril a, bung 39 hin mithiruong le hmangruohai hrehmang a ni dan a hril ve
thung.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. Ramsa le vatehai hmangin:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
ramhnuoia sa tinrêng le, vate chi tinrênghai hung khâwm anta, an sahai fa in an
thisen hai dawn an tih; Israel tlâng chunghaia inthâwina ropuitak ruoi hienghai
hin anṭhe ding a nih. Ram sukfaina mak takin a tlung ding a nih. (Ez.39:17-20)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Rawhmangna rûnpui:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Mithi
ruong el ni loin, an thuomhnaw-hriemhrei le hmangruo tamtak hai chu kum sari
sûng zet el rawhmang a ni ding a nih. Chun, chuong Israel khawpuihaia
chêngtuhai chu fe suok an ta, hriemhrei meihai chu siem an ta, râwng an tih;
âwmphaw le phawhai dâm, thalngul le thalhai dâm, hmawlfunghai dâm, feihai dâm,
râwng an ta, chun, chuonghai chun<i> kum sari sûng</i> mei chu tîng an tih”
(Ez.39:9)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. Inphûmna hunpui:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Gog
le a sipaihai tamtak ramsa le vatehai fâk zo an ruhai le an fâk mahla tamtakhai
chu phûm ning an tih, an phûmna dingin tuisuoriet saktieng panga ning a tah.
Israel sûngkuohai chun anni chu thla sari sûng anphûm ding a nih. Hi hmun
"Hamon-gog Phairuom" anti ding a nih. (Ez.39:11-12). Mithi ruong phûm
zo fel a ni phât ram hi sukthiengin a um nâwk thei chau a nih. (Num.19:11-22) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Thukhârna<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A chungah ei tarlang ang hin Gog le Magog-I (Ezekiel 38-39) hi
Indona dangdai tak, hun iemani chen a aw ding zie ei hriet thei, Kum Sang rorêl
hmaa tlung ding a nih. Gog le Magog-II (Thupuongsuo 20:8) ruok hi chu indona
tawitak ti thei nîng a ta, Kum sang rorêl hnung in tlung a ta, Indona
nuhnungtak (Armageddon zoa tlung ding) niin
vâna inthawk mei hung tla thla in hmêlma hai chu kânghmang a ta, hlêmtu Diebol
chu mei le kât a pei ni tang a tih ti hi hi thu ziektu suidan le pawm dân a nih.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rapture zo hin Krista Kaltu le Israel Inremna Thuthlung siem an ta,
Kum thum a tling zo hin Krista Kaltu in a bawsie ding a nih. Hi lei hin Israel
hai nasataka sukrinum ning anta, Rinumna Nasatak- Rinumna nuhnung lem (Great
Tribulation-Last 3</span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
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style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
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Messie an zawng ruoi ruoi ding antah. Rinumna tâwp tieng tak hin Indona
râpthlak Armageddon Indona tlung a ta, lunginsietna ṭhang der lovin Judahai
that chimit tum an tih. Nisienlakhawm
Isu le a mi thienghlimhai chu vâna inthawkin thangpui dingin ropuitakin hung ṭum
an tih (Zek.14:3-4: Thup.19:11-16) Krista Kaltu le a rawihai popo chu hripuiin
sukbohmang vawng nîng an tah, Krista
Kaltu le Sahrang chu chatuona meidîla pei ning a tih (Thup.19:20-21). Hi
vâwrtawp hi Krista hnuoia a hung nâwkna (Second Coming of Christ) chu nîng a
tih. Kum sângkhat sûng Setan khuop in um a ta, hi hun sûng hin kum sang rorêl
um a ta, kum sang rorêl a tâwp tieng hun sâwt nawte a dingin Satan insuo in um
nâwk a ta, hi hun sûng hin a rawihai huoihawt in khawvêl a Indona tawpna tak
ding Gog le Magog-II (Thup.20:8) hi tawite sûng chau aw ding Indona tâwpna tak
(last battle) hi ni tâng a tih. Setan hnesaw takin hneban ning a ta, Satan,
hlêmtu Diebol khawm chu Krista Kaltu (Sahrang-Beast) le Zawlnei tehlem (False
Prophet) umna mei le kât dila chun pei in um a ta, chatuonin sawisakin a um ta
ding a nih(Thup.20:10). Hieng Satan (Diebol), Krista Kaltu (Anti Christ) amanih
Sahrang (Beast) le Zawlnei Tehlêm (False Prophet) hai hi Pathien nina inchupui
tumna lei in Pathien a mi pathum Holy Trinity-Pa, Naupa le Thlarau Thienghlim
anga a puopa ‘Unholy Trinity” hai chu an nih. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hun tâwp a thiltlung dân ding hi ei Bible in a bat bat in a mi lo
ziek pêk diem.Nisienlakhawm ngâidan le pâwm dan chi tum tum a um leiin hrietfie
hi antak hrim a nih. Hi ei suina a hin
Gog le Magog (Ez.38-39) Indona hi a tlung hun ding tak (timeline) hi ei Bible
in chiengfâwkin a mi hril naw leiin zuk namdet el thei chu a ni nawh. Sienkhawm
a thu fe dân suiin Rapture le Kum sang rorêlna inkar (between Rapture and Millennium)
chu ni hrim hrim dingin anlang. Thupuongsuo 20:8 a mi ruok hi chu Indona tawpna
tak (last battle) Kum Sang rorêl (After Millenium) zo a ding a nih ti hi ziektu
pawm dân in ei khâr a nih.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BIBLIOGRAPHY<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Benware, Paul N. <i>Understanding End Times Prophecy: A
Comprehensive Approach. </i>Chicago: Moody, 2006. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Cooke, G.A. <i>A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of
Ezekiel</i>, ICC, ed.S.R. Driver, A. Plummer , and C. A. Briggs. Edinburgh: T
& T Clark, 1936. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 38.05pt; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fruchtenbaum,
Arnold. <span class="italic"><i>The
Footsteps of the Messiah</i></span>. San Antonio: Ariel, 2004.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gesenius, Wilhem. <i>Gesenius’Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon to the Old
Testament Scriptures</i>. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1949. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hitchcock,
Mark, <i>Wars and Rumors of Wars: Iran and Israel</i>. Oregon: Harvest House,
2013. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hitchcock, Mark. <i>The Coming Islamic Invasion of Israel</i>.
Colorado Springs: Multnomah Books, 2002. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hitchcock, Mark. <i>The End: A Complete Overview of Bible Prophecy
and the End of Day. </i>Illinois: Tyndale House Publishing, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jeremiah, David. <i>Is This
the End? Signs of God’s Providence in a Disturbing New World. </i>Nashville: W
Publishing Group, 2016<i>. </i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jeremiah, David. <i>The Book
of Signs: 31 Undeniable Prophecies of the Apocalypse</i>. Nashville: W
Publishing Group, 2019.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Josephus, <i>Antiquities</i> 1.6.1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kaiser Jr., Walter C. <i>Preaching and Teaching The Last Things:
Old Testament Eschatology for the Life of the Church</i>. Michigan: Baker
Academic, 2011. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keil, C.F. <i>Ezekiel and Daniel Commentary on the Old Testament</i>,
trans.James Martin. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">MacArthur,
John. <i>Revelation 12-22: The MacrArthur New Testament Commentary</i>.
Chichago: Moody Press, 2000. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">MacArthur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">,
John<i>. Because the Time is Near</i> .
Chicago: Moody Press, 2007. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Morris, Henry M. <i>The Genesis Record: A Scienctific and
Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings</i>. Grand Rapids: Baker Book
House, 1976. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Payne , J. Barton.<i> Encyclopedia of Biblical Prophecy</i>. Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1980.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pentecost, J. Dwight. <i>Things to Come: A Study in Biblical
Eschatology</i>, Introduction by John F. Walvoord. Secunderabad: OM Books,
2001. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Phillips, John. <i>Exploring
the Future: A Comprehensive Guide to Bible Prophecy</i>. Nashville: Thomas
Nelson, 1983. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rodhes, Ron. <i>Bible
Prophecy Answer Book: Everything You Need To Know About</i>. Oregon: Harvest
House Publishers, 2017. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rodhes, Ron. <i>Northern
Storm Rising: Russia, Iran and the Emerging End-Times Military Coalition
against Israel</i>. Oregon: Harvest House, 2008. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ruthven, Jon Mark. <i>The Prophecy That is Shaping History</i>.
Fairfax: Xulon Press, 2003.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Scofield, C.I. <i>The Scofield Study Bible</i>. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1909. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Thomas, Robert L. <i>Revelation 8-2; An Exegetical Commentary on
Revelation</i>. Chicago: Moody Press, 1995. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Unger, Merril F. <i>The New Unger’s Bible Handbook</i>. Chicago:
Moody, 1984..<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Walvoord, John F.<i> End
Times Prophecy: Ancient Wisdom for Uncertain Times</i>. Colorado: David Cook,
2011. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Walvoord, John F. <i>The
Nations in Prophecy</i>. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. 1978.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Walvoord, John F. and Mark Hitchcock. <i>Armageddon, Oil and
Terror: What the Bible says about the Future</i>. Illinois: Tyndale House,
2007. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Walvoord, John F. <i>Revelation: The John Walvoord Prophecy
Commentary</i>; edited and revised by Philip E. Rawley and Mark Hitchcock.
Chicago: Moody, 2011.. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Walvoord, John
F. <i>The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook</i>. Illinois: Victor Books, 1990. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Walvoord, John
F., John F. Zuck, Roy B. <i>The Bible
Knowledge Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures</i>. Illinois: Victor
Books, 1985. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">JOURNALS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Billington Jr., Clyde E. “The Rosh People in History and Prophecy,
Part-2,” <i>Michigan Theological Journal 3</i> (1992), 54-61.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">James D. Price, “Rosh: An Ancient People Known to Ezekiel,” <i>Grace
Theological Journal 6</i> (1985), 71-73; Billington Jr., “The Rosh People in
History and Prophecy, Part-2,” <i>Michigan Theological Journal 4</i> (1993)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ONLINE SOURCE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">https://seekingalpha.com/article/4151094-how-israel-became-startup-nation-3rd-companies-on-nasdaq<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">https://www.forbes.com/sites/adrianbridgwater/2020/02/21/how-israel-became-a-technology-startup-nation/?sh=65b359cc780e<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">https://www.israelhayom.com/2021/06/08/israel-has-2nd-highest-number-of-billionaires-per-capita-in-world/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> J. Barton
Payne<i>, Encyclopedia of Biblical Prophecy</i> (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1980),
674-75.; Mark Hitchcock, <i>The End: A Complete Overview of Bible Prophecy and
the End of Day </i>(Illinois: Tyndale House Publishing, 2012), kindle locations
164-174. Kindle Edition<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Hitchcock, <i>The
End...</i>kindle locations 176. Kindle Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Paul N.
Benware, <i>Understanding End Times Prophecy : A Comprehensive Approach </i>(Chicago:
Moody, 2006), kindle locations 222-368. Kindle Edition.<i> </i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Robert L.
Thomas, <i>Revelation 8-2; An Exegetical Commentary on Revelation</i> (Chicago:
Moody Press, 1995), 424.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">John F. Walvoord, <i>The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook</i> (Illinois:
Victor Books, 1990), 629; Mark Hitchcock, <i>Wars and Rumors of Wars: Iran and
Israel</i> (Oregon: Harvest House, 2013), (kindle locations 386). Kindle
Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> J. Dwight
Pentecost, <i>Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology</i>, Introduction
by John F. Walvoord (Secunderabad: OM Books, 2001), 349-350. Indian Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">John F. Walvoord, John F. Zuck, Roy B, <i>The Bible Knowledge
Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures</i> (Illinois: Victor Books, 1985),
981.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> John MacArthur, <i>Revelation 12-22: The MacrArthur New Testament Commentary</i>
(Chichago: Moody Press, 2000), kindle locations 12300. Kindle Edition; MacArthur<i>, Because the Time is Near</i>
(Chicago: Moody Press, 2007), kindle locations 4417. Kindle Edition; Benware,
<i>Understanding End Times Prophecy. </i>Kindle Edition; MacArthur, <i>Revelation 12-22</i>,…kindle locations
12300. Kindle Edition: MacArthur<i>, Because the Time is Near</i> kindle locations 4417. Kindle Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Merril F.
Unger, <i>The New Unger’s Bible Handbook</i> (Chicago: Moody, 1984), 686.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Benware, <i>Understanding
End Times Prophecy, </i>Kindle Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Arthur, <i>Revelation 12-22 </i> kindle locations 12289. Kindle Edition;
MacArthur, <i>Because the Time is Near,</i>
kindle locations 4406. Kindle Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> John F.
Walvoord<i>, End Times Prophecy: Ancient Wisdom for Uncertain Times</i>
(Colorado: David Cook, 2011), kindle
location 2148.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Hitchcock, <i>The
End,...</i> kindle locations 6612-6624. Kindle Edition; John F. Walvoord, <i>Revelation:
The John Walvoord Prophecy Commentary</i>; edited and revised by Philip E.
Rawley and Mark Hitchcock (Chicago: Moody, 2011), (kindle locations 4774),
Kindle Edition. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> David
Jeremiah, <i>Is This the End? Signs of God’s Providence in a Disturbing New
World (</i>Nashville: W Publishing Group, 2016<i> )</i>, kindle locations
3139-3208. Kindle Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Russia hi ṭhenkhat
in ngaidân satlie el, hrietchieng lo niin anhril. Prophetic Scholar hieng- John
F. Walvoord, David Jeremiah, Mark Hicthcock, Ron Rodhes, Tim Lahaye, Paul N.
Benware hai le midang tamtakin Hmârtieng ram le Israel hung dotu lal hungna
ding hi Russia naw chu kawk ding dang an nei naw thu an hril seng.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> David
Jeremiah, <i>The Book of Signs: 31 Undeniable Prophecies of the Apocalypse</i>
(Nashville: W Publishing Group, 2019),
kindle locations 665. Kindle Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ron Rodhes, <i>Bible
Prophecy Answer Book: Everything You Need To Know About</i> (Oregon: Harvest
House Publishers, 2017), kindle locations 1303-1342. Kindle Edition; Walter C.
Kaiser Jr., <i>Preaching and Teaching The Last Things: Old Testament
Eschatology for the Life of the Church</i> (Michigan: Baker Academic, 2011),
kindle locations 1822-1876. Kindle Edition; Hitchcock, <i>Iran and Israel</i>,
kindle locations 1415. Kindle Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> John F.
Walvoord, <i>The Nations in Prophecy</i> (Grand Rapids: Zondervan. 1978), 108.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn19">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Jeremiah, <i>The
Book of Signs,...</i>kindle locations 568. Kindle Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn20">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> C.F. Keil, <i>Ezekiel
and Daniel Commentary on the Old Testament</i>, trans.James Martin (Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982), 159; Wilhem Gesenius, <i>Gesenius’Hebrew-Chaldee
Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</i> (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1949),
752.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn21">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Clyde E. Billington
Jr., “The Rosh People in History and Prophecy, Part-2,” <i>Michigan Theological
Journal 3</i> (1992), 54-61.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn22">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> G.A. Cooke, <i>A
Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Ezekiel</i>, ICC, ed.S.R.
Driver, A. Plummer , and C. A. Briggs (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1936),
408-409.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn23">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Gesenius, <i>Gesenius’Hebrew-Chaldee
Lexicon</i>, 752.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn24">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Jon Mark
Ruthven, <i>The Prophecy That is Shaping History</i> (Fairfax: Xulon Press,
2003); James D. Price, “Rosh: An Ancient People Known to Ezekiel,” <i>Grace
Theological Journal 6</i> (1985), 71-73; Billington Jr., “The Rosh People in
History and Prophecy, Part-2,” <i>Michigan Theological Journal 4</i> (1993)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn25">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Hitchcock,
Iran and Israel, kindle locations 1415.
Kindle Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn26">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Jeremiah, <i>The
Book of Signs,...</i>kindle locations 583. Kindle Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn27">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Mark
Hitchcock, <i>The Coming Islamic Invasion of Israel</i> (Colorado Springs:
Multnomah Books, 2002), 31-32.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn28">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> C.I. Scofield,
<i>The Scofield Study Bible</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1909), 883;
Jeremiah, <i>The Book of Signs,...</i>kindle locations 585. Kindle Edition<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn29">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> John F.
Walvoord and Mark Hitchcock, <i>Armageddon, Oil and Terror: What the Bible says
about the Future</i> (Illinois: Tyndale House, 2007), kindle locations 1463.
Kindle Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn30">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Walvoord and
Hitchcock, <i>Armageddon, Oil and Terror</i>, kindle locations 1463. Kindle
Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn31">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Walvoord and
Hitchcock, <i>Armageddon, Oil and Terror</i>, kindle locations 1463. Kindle
Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn32">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Jeremiah, <i>The
Book of Signs,...</i>kindle locations 596. Kindle Edition<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn33">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Walvoord and
Hitchcock, <i>Armageddon, Oil and Terror</i>, kindle locations 1463. Kindle
Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn34">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Jeremiah, <i>The
Book of Signs,... </i>kindle locations 596. Kindle Edition<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn35">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> John Phillips,
<i>Exploring the Future: A Comprehensive Guide to Bible Prophecy</i>
(Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1983), 327.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn36">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Josephus, <i>Antiquities</i>
1.6.1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn37">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Henry M. Morris,
<i>The Genesis Record: A Scienctific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of
Beginnings</i> (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1976), 247.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn38">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Jeremiah, <i>The
Book of Signs,...</i>kindle locations 636. Kindle Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn39">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
https://seekingalpha.com/article/4151094-how-israel-became-startup-nation-3rd-companies-on-nasdaq<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn40">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
https://www.forbes.com/sites/adrianbridgwater/2020/02/21/how-israel-became-a-technology-startup-nation/?sh=65b359cc780e<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn41">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
https://www.israelhayom.com/2021/06/08/israel-has-2nd-highest-number-of-billionaires-per-capita-in-world/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn42">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Walvoord and
Hitchcock, <i>Armageddon, Oil and Terror</i>, kindle locations 1533. Kindle
Edition; Jeremiah, <i>The Book of Signs,...</i>kindle locations 671. Kindle
Edition; Rapture zo Rinumna hmasa lem annawleh a lailung a tlung ding a ringtu
Scholar hai chu- John F. Walvoord, J. Dwight Pentecost, Charles Ryrie, Herman
Hoyt, Mark Hitchcock hai an nih.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn43">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Hitchcock, <i>The
Coming Islamic Invasion of Israe,...</i>68.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn44">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ron Rodhes, <i>Northern
Storm Rising: Russia, Iran and the Emerging End-Times Military Coalition
against Israel</i> (Oregon: Harvest House, 2008), kindle locations 2941. Kindle
Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn45">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Arnold
Fruchtenbaum, <span class="italic"><i>The Footsteps of the Messiah</i></span>
(San Antonio: Ariel, 2004), 118-119.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn46">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jeremiah, <i>The
Book of Signs,...</i>kindle locations 680. Kindle Edition</span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/ARTICLEs,%20BOOKS%20AND%20SEMINAR/Assam/Hun%20tawp%20le%20Inzawm-%20Prophetical/GOG%20LE%20MOGOG%20CHUNGCHANGA%20BIBLE%20HRILL%C3%82WKNA.docx#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Walvoord, <i>The
Bible Knowledge Commentary,...</i>990.</span></p>
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</div>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-7857688684006840742023-06-15T08:03:00.014-07:002023-06-18T18:08:23.838-07:00MANIPUR BUOINA<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>LALPA INDONA</b> </span></div><div><div style="text-align: right;"><i> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Pro-Pastor Johny Laldinthar F. Tusing, 3KM, Umrangso</span></i></div><div style="text-align: right;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">15 June, 2023. </span></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Thlado nî 15 zîngkar anthawk nasa takin ruo a sûr a, India Meterological Department in Dima Hasao a ruotui tamna hmunhai chu School châwl dingin thusuok a lo siem tasa hrim a nih. Keini khawm school kai thei ziezâng kan ni naw leiin châwl kan puong a. Hun thawveng tak ka nei pha leiin ka lawm hlê. Manipur buoina le inzawmin ngaituona kan vâk kuol tir a, Bible thu dâm, India ramah sawrkâr khâwl keivirtu hai agenda ramtin ka dâwnkhâwl a. Hlimên na ang elin ka hmaa chun fie deu uor hin ei ram hi hmu angin ka um a. LALPA INDONA ti chu ka na a anri deu chur chur ang hin ka hriet. </span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCdl1kOFOApJT_AUqe4QrpqS92b-F57YYtlmSlrLq7_pFPnTq77_SST8twSiMUus_i8dwVP0lNb11uyz0sQF6mYlRenyN8R-Z9zNlPzDlm6JUnvqPQnl2d6S6wp5PtsBnti3zZkr-BmlMn8B-9LaDkBJ5XMtDb0HvjWIJ5gj1sl9mTDp3WTsTaCg4csg/s1200/Manipur-Violence-1.webp" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCdl1kOFOApJT_AUqe4QrpqS92b-F57YYtlmSlrLq7_pFPnTq77_SST8twSiMUus_i8dwVP0lNb11uyz0sQF6mYlRenyN8R-Z9zNlPzDlm6JUnvqPQnl2d6S6wp5PtsBnti3zZkr-BmlMn8B-9LaDkBJ5XMtDb0HvjWIJ5gj1sl9mTDp3WTsTaCg4csg/w400-h225/Manipur-Violence-1.webp" width="400" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Manipur buoina hi May ni 3 nî a inṭan tah, vawisun nî chen inkieng zai a la rêl nawh. Buoina thar suok le mithi zât le In raw chanchin hriet ding a la um zing. Buoina ei hmasuon mêk hi a namei naw hlê, thienghil nî reng um ta naw nih. 2020 khan Covid leiin mani ram (Manipur) tieng ei pan hûm hûm a, Fesuokna (exodus) ropui ei ti hiel a. 2023 ruok chun a letling a Fesuokna rûnpui (Counter Exodus) mak tak in a hung tlung ta lem a nih. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Telegraph in 13 June a a tarlang dân in <i>“tuchen hin biekin 253 rawsiet a ni ta a, biekin quarters/Adm. office 78 rawsiet a ni ta bawk, eini tieng mihriem 123 nêka tam thi ta in, mi 250 chuong hliem ei tuok ta a, chêngna in 4500 chuong raw siet in a um a, khuo 160 inram vâwng a ni tah. Mihriem 36, 000 chuong chêngna ding nei ta lo in an um a, hmun himna tienga râltlan mihriem 50, 690 an um tah”</i> niin a hril. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Pathien biekin pawisa loa ṭawng ṭhanaw le zamaw râwngkai hmangin an khêk khum a, an rawsiet lai dâm video clip ei hmu in lungril a na bêk bêk. Hun danga Biekin sûnga a hawn in <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">zû </span>andâwn khâwm ti dâm ei hriet. Pathien pawi lientak antâwk leiin anchungah rorêlna(phuba lâkna) hi chu la hung tlung ngei a tih ti hi ringhla a um nawh. Zohnathlak tribal hai biekin el ni loin Meitei hai biekin khawm hla loa an chi-le-kuong hai ngei chungah khawm kut anthlâk ti ei hriet le ei hmu hin <b>thiltum inthup lientak</b> a um ngei niin anlang. Manipur buoina a hin Hindutva Politics a ṭhang naw tûkhawm in ei ti thei nawh. Ieng lei a PM Modi in ṭawngbau khat khawm a la sâksuok naw am a nâ? Home Minister Amit Shah kha buoina suok anthawk nî 26 hnunga hung chau a ni kha. RSS-BJP formula thil inthup hi anla fepui zing a ni ti hriet thei a nih. 2018 lai dai khan <b>Hindu sakhuo le lotus pâr</b> article sei zet el ka lo ziek tah hrim a nih. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">https://instagos.blogspot.com/2018/11/hindu-sakhuo-le-lotus-par-in-hmar.html?m=1</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tulai hril hlaw tak <i>The Kerala Story</i> movie dâm hi <i>The Kashmir Files </i>ang bawkin. Lotus pâr hai rilrem zâwng tak a hung sûok a, Tax free dingin an puong a, nasa tak in an suklâr hrim a nih. Lotus pâr hin India Simtieng Kerela state a hai khawm hmalakna mak tak tak an nei zing a nih. Kerela a hin Kristien 18.4% an ni a, 54.7% Hindu le 26.5% Muslim an nih.
Manipur a hin 41.39% Hindu an ni a, Kristien 41.29% le 8.4% Muslim an um. 1961 khan Manipur a Kristien population hi 19% chau a ni a, 2011 khan 41% a hung kai dâwr el tah. Arunachal a hin 1971 khan Kristien 0.79% kha 2011 khan 30% a hung kai dâwr. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">(#Manipur- 1961-19.49%; 1971-26.03%; 1981-29.68%; 1991-34.11%; 2001- no data; 2011-41.39% </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">#Arunachal Pradesh- 1961-0.79%; 1981-4.32%; 1991-10.3%; 2001-18.72%; 2011-30.26%) </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>The Manipur Files/Story, The Northeast Story</i> amanih khawm movie anla hung siem el rawi maw!.. Karan Thappar (Journalist, The Wire) in a hmawr a hung inbâwk met ta kha. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ei buoina hin sakhuona hi a them sa a ni ti chu ei hriet seng. Ei Mission Field hai an inram vâwng a, tha le zung, sum le pai tamtak ei sengna hai vâwilekhat in sukbohmang in a um vâwng el a. Ṭawngṭaina le theitâwp a rawng ei bawlna hmun, Kohran ṭhuoituhai in ngaituona tamtak sêng a an enkawl, sum le pai ṭhahnem tak ei sêngna a ni a, rawngbawltu Missionary hai in tha le zung tamtak anthâp a. Pathien ram hmangaituo tamtak haiin an nei a chuongliem ni der loa an pêkna, mi harsa te te, nîtin a fâk fawm zawnghai in an fâk âi, an neisun anpêk hai ngaituo in lung a na bêk bêk. Chuleiin hi buoina leia indona ei hmasuon mêk hi INDONA dângdai LALPA INDONA a nih ka ti el. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Thuthlung Hlui a Israelhai Indona le an hmelhma hai chanchin ei tiem in lungril rûk taka chun hnena tuomkau chawiin hnena hlado ei la kheksuok pui ding niin anlang a, lung inrim hlê sienkhawm hadamna le muongna tak ei nei. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Hi thiltlung lei hin suolna tamtak khawm nuoibo sien ei nuom bêk bêk. Poppy chîngtu tamtak in an thil chînghai an sunzawm thei ta naw a, zû sûonga tangka sum tamtak lamsuoktu hai khawm nuoi bo sa an ni bawk leiin a ṭhatna tak a um. Îtthîkna, inêrna ṭhalo, chapona dâm, hmani hmasielna dâm, mi harsa le pasiehai ngîrhmun uksak der loa hringnun hmanghai dâm, tangka sum ngainatna dâm, khawvêl hausakna le neinungna hnawtna dâm, khawvel in ropui tak tak bâwl a thuomhnaw man tam motor le inhnawk rup hai khawm in nasatak chân in, ân parte khawi tak ngiel khawm chang pha ta lo in an um a. Relief Camp ah a hausa le pasie inângrawng in an damna dingin an umtlang a, an khawsa tlâng el hai dâm ei ngaituo chun inchûk ding tamtak hmu ding a um. Intluktlângna kawngkhata a siem bawk leiin ênna (lens) danga ngaituo chun ra ṭha ansuo ve niin anlang. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Israelhai Aigupta an fesuok kha khawvêl chanchin a fesuokna rûnpui tamna tak a tling a. An chanchin le an hmelhma do hai le an do dân hai tawite te in suklang ei tih. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Exodus 13-14: </b>Israelhai in Aigupta an suoksan khan, kea fe thei ṭhieu khawm mipui nuoi ruk an nih (Num.11:21). Nuhmei, naupang tiemsa lem chun mi maktaduoi hni an chuong ring a nih </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">A. Lucas- The Number of Israelites at the Exodus)</span><span style="font-size: large;">.</span></i><span style="font-size: large;"> Sukkoth ah inthawk an fe suok a, thlalêr sîr Ethama bûk an khuor a, sûna sûm ngir le zâna mei ngir in mipui an kieng ngai hrim hrim nawh. LALPA Pathien chu an hmaṭhuoitu a nih. Ei Pathien Jehovah Nissi (Lalpa chu ei pûonzar a nih) chun hmangruo a hau hlê. Tuipui sen an kân dingin Pharoah sipai ruol hung ṭhuop ṭhuop an hmu in an zâm hlê a, ṭitna in an sip. Mosie chun, “Ngîr ṭawk ṭawk unla, ṭi naw ro, LALPA sandamna, in ta dinga vawisûn a thaw ding chu en el ro” tiin mipui kuomah a hril. Pharoah sipaihai tuipui inkâra anlût chun an sakawr tawlailîr hai a sukthlawngpêk a, intaktakin an khal ta a, chuongchun, Aigupta mihai chun, “ Israelhai hmaa inthawkin tlân el ei tiu, LALPA chun an ta dingin Aigupta mihai chu a dopêk a ni hi” an ti a (Ex.14:23-25). A ṭul chun ei hmêlhma hai motor khawm tlân theilo khawp hiel in an umtir thei a, an silai ṭha hai khawm kap theilo dingin an umtir thei bawk. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Exodus 23:</b> Israelhai ṭhuoi dingin Lalpa vântirko tira um thu ei hmu. Hieng hin, “Ngai ta, i lampuia enkawl ding che le, hmun ka buotsaia chun ṭhuoi ding chein i hmaah vântirko ka tir a nih. I hmêlhmahai ta dingin hmêlhma nîng ka ta, i khingpuihai ta dingin an khingpui nîng ka tih. Ka vântirko chu i hmaah fêng a ta, Amor mihai, Hit mihai, Perez mihai, Kanaan mihai, Hiv mihai le Jebus mihai rama chun ṭhuoi lût a ti che, chun an ni chu sukbohmang ka tih. An pathien kuomah chun i kûn ding ding a ni naw a, an rawng khawm i bâwl ding a ni naw a, an sin i thaw ding a ni bawk nawh; anni chu peithla letdêr i ta, an milimhai chu suknawi vawng i tih” tiin. Pathien rawl hrie a, Pathien thu ang pei a hma ei lak phawt chun hnena chang ngei ei tih. A ṭul chun a vântirko hai khawm a hung tir el ding bah. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Deuteronomy 1(ref.Num.13):</b> Kades-Barnea inthawkin enthlatu antir a, an hmasuon dinghai chu an ni nêkin an lien lem a, an insâng lem a, khuohai chu an lien tâwl hle a, vân tawng in kulhai an nei a, âwmkhautak tak el an na, anni laka khâu ang chau in an ni thu a hril. Mosie in, “Zâmse naw unla, anni chu ṭi bawk naw ro. LALPA in Pathien in hmaṭhuoitu chun in mithmua Aigupta rama a thawpêk ta cheu po pohai ang khan thawpui a ti cheu… A va thlamuong thlâk de aw. Ei hmêlhma hai hin sawrkar thahratna le inbel in thuom ṭha le hrât tam tak neihai sienkhawm zâmse lo a, ṭi bawk lo ding ei nih. LALPA ei Pathien chu ei hmaṭhuoitu a nih. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Roreltuhai 7:</b> Gideon a rawiin Midianhai an tukdei ei hmu. An hmêlhma Midianhai tukdei na dingin mi 32, 000 an inthawk suok a, Israelhai in keini kut ngeia insansuok kan nih annawm tiin LALPA uongkhum rawi anti ti anlau leiin tukhawm ṭi le inthin taphawt kîr nawk dingin hril an ni a, mî 22,000 ankîr a, mi 10,000 an la um a nih. LALPAN anla tam taluo rawp el a ti leiin ui anga tui a lieka liekhai po mi 300 hai chau thlang suok anla ni ta rawp a nih. An hmêlhma Midianhai, Amalekhai le khâwsak nauhai po po ruomah chun khâu ang elin tamtak el an um hmur el a, an sanghâwngseihai chu tiem seng ruollo, an tam tieng chu tuipui kama phaiphin zât zet an nih. Mî 300 chau le inhmatawng ding chu an inkhang naw hlê. An râlthuom hlak tawtawrâwt le pil bêl ruok, a sûnga meiser sie sa a ni tawp el. ‘LALPA le Gideon kâwlhnam’ tiin an khêk dur dur a, an hmelhma khang lâwm a tam hai kha an tlânsie rum rum el chu a nih. Midian lal Oreb le Zeeb an man a, an that bawk a nih. Hmêlhma tam lei a ni nawh, LALPA Pathien ṭhangna tieng hnena a um hlak. Jeptha le Samson chanchin a hai khawm Pathien ṭhangpuina danglam tak hmu thei a nih. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>2 Chronicles 20: </b>Moab mihai, Ammon mihai le Meunim mihai in Jehosaphat do dingin an hung thaw ta a, Jehosaphat chu a ṭi a, LALPA chu a zawng a, Juda ram po po bunghei a rawt ta a. LALPA an ko in an ṭawngṭai ti ei hriet. Zekaria naupa Jahaziel chungah LALPA thlarau a hung tlung a, hieng hin a hril ta a, “Hi mipui (hmelhma) tamtak lei hin beidawng naw unla, ṭit khawm ṭi bawk naw ro; Indona chu in ta a ni naw a, Pathien ta a nih” (v.15b). Hi indonaa hin in do ngai kher naw nih, intlar phawt unla, ngîr ṭawk ṭawk ro…tiin. Jehosaphat chu hmai sikin a lu a kûn a, Juda mi po po le Jerusalem a chênghai chu LALPA hmaa chun an bawkkhup a LALPA chibai an bûk a. Jehosaphat chun ‘LALPA kuomah lâwmthu hril ro, a zângaina chu kumkhuoin a um zing si a, ti ro’ tiin an fui a. Inpâkna hla an hang sak ṭan phing chun Juda ram hung rûntuhai lai mak tak in anni le anni an inbeituo el ta a, insukbohmangtuo an tum seng ta a. Judai mihai an tlung chun, mithi ruong hnuoia tluhai chu an hmu a;tukhawm a damsuok hrim an um der nawh. <i>Pathien indona a chun ei ṭhang kher ngai lo in hmelhma hai anni le anni an’dotir thei a nih ti hmu thei le hriet thei in a um.</i> LALPA suklungawi phawt el ei tiu. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>2 Lalhai 7:</b> Samari khuoa ṭâm nasatak a tlung a, Suria lal Benhadad chun a sipai ruol po po ko khâwm in Samari khuo an huol a. Ṭam a nasa êm leiin vaṭhu êk chen an zawr el kha a nih. Chuonglai chun, kul kawtkhâr bula phâr pali an um a, thi nghâka um el nêk in Suria sipaihai umna tieng fe dingin thimbut hin an suok a, Suria sipai hrim tukhawm anlo um naw. LALPAIN Suria sipaihai chu tawlailîr ri dâm, sakawr rî dâm, sipai tamtak ri dâm an hriettir a, Israel lal in Hit lalhai, Aigupta lalhai anni thaw ding in a ruoi sâwn in inthim lai an lo tlanse a lo ni zing el. A mak thei ngei el. Phâr natna invawi, kul puotienga um, hnâwla umhai, mi inthienglo hai kha LALPAN mak tak in a hmang el a nih. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>2 Lalhai 19:</b> Assuria lal Sennakerib anthawk sansuok an nih. LALPA chun keima lei le ka siehlaw David leiin hi khawpui hi sanhim dingin ka veng ding a ni a ti a. Chuongchun, chu zân chun LALPA vântirko chu ân thawk suok a, Assuria mihai riekhmuna chun mi nuoi khât le sing riet le sâng nga a sukhlum a, chun, zîngkara an hang tho chun, ngai ta, mithi ruong khat el a lo ni tah el a. (v.34-35). LALPA ei ni tieng a ṭhang phawt chun hnena chu ei ta a nih. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Joshua 10: </b>Amor mihai lal panga- Jerusalem lal, Hebron lal, Jarmuth lal, Lakis lal, Eglon lal haiin Gibeon epa chun an pungkhawm a. Gibeon mihai in Joshua kuomah chanchin an hril a. Joshua le a mi hrât huoisen hai le chun Gilgal a inthawkin an inthawk suoka. LALPAIN Joshua kuomah, '<i>Anni chu ṭi dêr naw rawh, I kutah ka pek vawng tah a nih; anni laia mi tukhawm i hmaah ngîr thei ding hrim hrim an um nawh’ </i>a ti a. Gebion a chun tamtak an râl hai an that a, Beth-horon lampuiah an hnawt pei a, Azeka le Makeda chenin an that pei a. Hi chau ni lo in, LALPAIN vâna inthawkin riel lientak takin a zuk indêngtir a, kâwlhnâma sât hlum nêk hmanin riel dêng hlum chu an tam lem dai a nih. Hi hi tâwpna a la ni nawh. Joshua le sipaihai in an hmêlhmahai chungah phuba an lâk hmakhat chun NISA chu a ngîr ta zing a, THLA khawm chu a um zing a. <i>LALPAN ṭul a ti chun ni le thla hai khawm a chel ngîr el hlak a lo nih. </i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tiemtu dittak, sei tak ziek ding a um. A pawimawtak chu Lalpa Pathien ei ni tieng a ṭhang phawt chun tuna’m mi do thei a ta? Ama dit dân a ei um a, ama ei ko a, a ṭul chun bunghêi a mani insukruok a Lalpa bie pawp phawt phawt inla hnena chang ngei ei tih. Pathien biek bûk (Biekin) inzana nei der loin an mi suosam pêk a, an inhrawt a, sawrkar thahratna le inbel in, mi hnawchêp tum in ei ram delna mi lâkpêk an tum ngei el, Indo an mi puongkhum. Theitawp a ṭhangkhaw chu an ni ngei. Pathien ei biekpawp a, a ditdan anga kal ei chawi a, hma ei lak a ni phawt chun ieng anga tam le hrât nihai sienkhawm LALPAN hmangruo a hau taluo, ṭul a ti chun thilmak intlung tir el a tih. Eini khawm inpumpkhatna, inthuruolna, inhmangaina le lungril inpaw taka thawtlanga LALPA ditzawng a ei um phawt chun hnena chang ei tih.
</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ṭhenkhatin tawlailîrhai an ring a, ṭhenkhatin
sakawrhai an ring a,</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: x-large;"> Keini ruok chun LALPA kan Pathien Jehova hming chu lam lem
kan tih.</span></p><br /></div>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-54272237339477049092021-08-06T08:31:00.008-07:002021-08-06T10:29:36.178-07:00Great Freedom Festival Offer in Amazon (2021)<p> <span style="color: #800180; font-family: Yellowtail; font-size: x-large;">Great Freedom Festival Offer in Amazon, August 2021 </span></p><p><span style="color: #800180; font-family: Yellowtail; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/31/img17/AmazonBusiness/Aug_ART21_creatives.zip?_encoding=UTF8&linkCode=ib1&tag=amazon09e24-21&linkId=b668a02b5953bb93c6eb6d22497f8cc6&ref_=ihub_curatedcontent_13ae77e6-47c3-43b7-804f-b8d287364c7d" target="_blank">Great Freedom Festival</a>
</span></p><p><span style="color: #800180; font-family: Yellowtail; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #800180; font-family: Michroma; font-size: x-large;">1. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">VIP Trace Graphite Polycarbonate Hardsided Luggage Set of 3 Small, Medium & Large</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Michroma;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Michroma;">73</span><span style="font-family: Nova Square;">% OFF</span></span></span></p><p><span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">MRP ₹30,000 Save ₹22,001 </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Michroma;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></span></p>
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//ws-in.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?ServiceVersion=20070822&OneJS=1&Operation=GetAdHtml&MarketPlace=IN&source=ac&ref=qf_sp_asin_til&ad_type=product_link&tracking_id=amazon09e24-21&marketplace=amazon&region=IN&placement=B0852NM27G&asins=B0852NM27G&linkId=88a6d260ac254a7b9ac846cb31802bda&show_border=false&link_opens_in_new_window=false&price_color=333333&title_color=0066c0&bg_color=ffffff" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;">
</iframe><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #800180; font-family: Michroma; font-size: x-large;">2. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">Lenovo Tab M10 FHD Plus Tablet (10.3-inch, 2GB, 32GB, Wi-Fi + LTE, Volte Calling), Platinum Grey</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Michroma; font-size: large;"><span>46</span><span style="font-family: Nova Square;">% OFF</span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">MRP ₹27,000 Save ₹12,501 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//ws-in.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?ServiceVersion=20070822&OneJS=1&Operation=GetAdHtml&MarketPlace=IN&source=ac&ref=qf_sp_asin_til&ad_type=product_link&tracking_id=amazon09e24-21&marketplace=amazon&region=IN&placement=B08W3K3CBK&asins=B08W3K3CBK&linkId=46f9e7c8e10a5a8c72a27d58e30b139d&show_border=false&link_opens_in_new_window=false&price_color=333333&title_color=0066c0&bg_color=ffffff" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;">
</iframe><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #800180; font-family: Michroma; font-size: x-large;">3. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">Lenovo Tab P11 (11 inch / 27.94 cms, 4 GB, 128 GB, Wi-Fi + LTE, Data Only), Platinum Grey</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">32</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Nova Square; font-size: x-large;">% OFF</span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">₹37,000 Save ₹12,001 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div>
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//ws-in.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?ServiceVersion=20070822&OneJS=1&Operation=GetAdHtml&MarketPlace=IN&source=ac&ref=qf_sp_asin_til&ad_type=product_link&tracking_id=amazon09e24-21&marketplace=amazon&region=IN&placement=B099ML77P9&asins=B099ML77P9&linkId=a8db2c872e1b4de7b382660794849d0c&show_border=false&link_opens_in_new_window=false&price_color=333333&title_color=0066c0&bg_color=ffffff" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;">
</iframe><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="color: #800180; font-family: Michroma; font-size: x-large;">4. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">Samsung Galaxy M21 2021 Edition (Arctic Blue, 4GB RAM, 64GB Storage) | FHD+ sAMOLED | 6 Months Free Screen Replacement for Prime</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">14</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Nova Square; font-size: x-large;">% OFF</span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">MRP ₹14,499 Save ₹2,000</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//ws-in.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?ServiceVersion=20070822&OneJS=1&Operation=GetAdHtml&MarketPlace=IN&source=ac&ref=qf_sp_asin_til&ad_type=product_link&tracking_id=amazon09e24-21&marketplace=amazon&region=IN&placement=B098NFJXXL&asins=B098NFJXXL&linkId=087431cb10f4b6cf7fce2bda98e8a182&show_border=false&link_opens_in_new_window=false&price_color=333333&title_color=0066c0&bg_color=ffffff" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;">
</iframe><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #800180; font-family: Michroma; font-size: x-large;">5. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">TCL 108 cm (43 inches) Full HD Certified Android Smart LED TV 43S6500FS (Black) (2020 Model)</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//ws-in.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?ServiceVersion=20070822&OneJS=1&Operation=GetAdHtml&MarketPlace=IN&source=ac&ref=qf_sp_asin_til&ad_type=product_link&tracking_id=amazon09e24-21&marketplace=amazon&region=IN&placement=B07Q29HLB2&asins=B07Q29HLB2&linkId=840e6c312c3de5657f0c463153bef809&show_border=false&link_opens_in_new_window=false&price_color=333333&title_color=0066c0&bg_color=ffffff" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;">
</iframe><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #800180; font-family: Michroma; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #800180; font-family: Michroma; font-size: x-large;">6. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">Safari RAY Polycarbonate 53 cms Midnight Blue Hardsided Cabin Luggage (RAY534WMBL)</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">70</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Nova Square; font-size: x-large;">% OFF</span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">MRP ₹5,999.00 save ₹4,200.00 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//ws-in.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?ServiceVersion=20070822&OneJS=1&Operation=GetAdHtml&MarketPlace=IN&source=ac&ref=qf_sp_asin_til&ad_type=product_link&tracking_id=amazon09e24-21&marketplace=amazon&region=IN&placement=B07WHLHXB9&asins=B07WHLHXB9&linkId=0d04e0a6fbada5b3fd51c65b14276fd4&show_border=false&link_opens_in_new_window=false&price_color=333333&title_color=0066c0&bg_color=ffffff" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;">
</iframe><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #800180; font-family: Michroma; font-size: x-large;">7. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">Safari Ray Polycarbonate 65 cms Midnight Blue Hardsided Check-in Luggage (RAY 67 4W MIDNIGHT BLUE)</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">67</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Nova Square; font-size: x-large;">% OFF</span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">M.R.P.:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>₹7,535.00 You Save:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>₹5,036.00 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
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</iframe><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #800180; font-family: Michroma; font-size: x-large;">8. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">American Tourister Ivy Polypropylene 68 cms Black Hardsided Check-in Luggage (FO1 (0) 09 002)</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">67</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Nova Square; font-size: x-large;">% OFF</span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">M.R.P.:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>₹7,900.00 You Save:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>₹5,301.00 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
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</iframe><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #800180; font-family: Michroma; font-size: x-large;">9. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">Aristocrat Sienna Polycarbonate 55 cms Blue Hardsided Cabin Luggage</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: "Nova Square"; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: "Nova Square"; font-size: x-large;">72% OFF</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">M.R.P.:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>₹6,710.00 You Save:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>₹4,811.00</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
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<div><br /></div><div><div><span style="color: #800180; font-family: Michroma; font-size: x-large;">10. </span><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">VIP Tide Polyester 56 Cms Red Softsided Cabin Luggage with Corner Guards & Expander</span></span></div></div><div><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma;"><span style="font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma;"><span style="font-size: 19px;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">67</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Nova Square; font-size: x-large;">% OFF</span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">M.R.P.:</span><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">₹5,700.00</span><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">You Save:</span><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;">₹3,801.00 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: Michroma; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
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</iframe>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-31701626987635907422021-07-30T20:40:00.004-07:002021-07-30T20:40:21.613-07:00PORNOGRAPHY EFFECTS, AS AN ETHICAL ISSUES AND RESPONSE FROM THE LENS OF MAJOR RELIGIOUS TRADITION.<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.85pt; margin: 15.85pt 0in 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PORNOGRAPHY-II<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.85pt; margin: 15.85pt 0in 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">PORNOGRAPHY EFFECTS, AS AN ETHICAL </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: 16pt; text-align: left;">ISSUES AND RESPONSE FROM THE LENS OF MAJOR RELIGIOUS TRADITION.</span></p><p></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.85pt; margin: 15.85pt 0in 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prelude<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.85pt; margin: 15.85pt 0in 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">In Part-I we have discussed the
meaning of Pornography and the statistics related to this spellbound word. It
is needless to mention that pornography is rampant in our society where it
reaches all corners of society and almost every door. Due to enhancement in
technology and our ability to grasp in our fingertips in a go, we are more
vulnerable with this pornographic visual stimulation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.85pt; margin: 15.85pt 0in 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XZUo8015zdI/YQTF8d5Gg0I/AAAAAAAAFnc/myExInK1qGcKYdULNuqtGW5H6Zsq7isoACLcBGAsYHQ/s690/pornography-large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="690" height="234" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XZUo8015zdI/YQTF8d5Gg0I/AAAAAAAAFnc/myExInK1qGcKYdULNuqtGW5H6Zsq7isoACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/pornography-large.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">In this section, we will deal with
the Effects of pornography, bringing out Pornography as an Ethical Issue also
throw some light with the response from major religious traditions regarding
pornography.<o:p></o:p></span><p></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.85pt; margin: 15.85pt 0in 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">Effects <br /></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0in 0in 2.15pt; tab-stops: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> Here are some key
findings on the effects of pornography </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0in 0in 2.15pt; tab-stops: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0in 0in 2.15pt; tab-stops: .25in;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Family and Pornography <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">(a) Married men who are actively involved in
pornographic elements feel less satisfied with their marital relations and
less emotionally attached to their wives. They were often upset by the
differences from visual stimulation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">(b) Pornography use is a pathway to
immorality, infidelity and divorce, and is commonly a major factor in these
family disasters. </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(c) Among couples
affected by one spouse's addiction on pornography, two-thirds experience a loss
of interest in sexual intercourse. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt; margin: 0.7pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">(d) Both spouses who accept viewing
pornographic elements as tantamount to increase in desires and lust lead to
third party intrusion between them. </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">(e) Both spouses addicted in Pornography
viewing leads to a loss of good family ties and family relations tends to
subsides drastically.</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 16.6pt; margin: 16.6pt 0in 0in 20.2pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Individual and Pornography <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="color: red; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 16.6pt; margin: 16.6pt 0in 0in 20.2pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 4.5pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.7pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> (a) Pornography is
addictive. Any Addiction is not a good term. Neuroscientists begin to map the
biological subtract of this addiction. </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">(b) Users often become desensitized to the
pornography they view, become bored with it, and then seek more perverse
forms of pornography. </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .6pt; margin: 0.6pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">(c) Men who view pornography on
regular basis have a higher tendency to abnormal sexuality, including rape,
sexual aggression, and other promiscuity. </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .6pt; margin: 0.6pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(d) Men who were
addicted to pornography produces stronger concepts of women as
commodities or as "sex objects." <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(e) Porn
incites more prominent sexual tolerance, which thus prompts a more serious
danger of fatherless births and sexually transmitted diseases. These, thus,
lead to even more shortcomings and weaknesses. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .6pt; margin: 0.6pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(f) Child-sex
offenders are bound to see erotic entertainment routinely or to be
engaged with its distribution. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .6pt; margin: 0.6pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .6pt; margin: 0.6pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.75pt;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Other Effects of Pornography<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">(a) Many youths who view pornography at first feel disgrace, shame,
decline self-confidence, and sexual vulnerability, but these feelings rapidly
shift to unadulterated happiness and enjoyment with regular
viewing. </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt; margin: 0.7pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">(b) Pornography and sexually
oriented businesses undoubtedly harm the surrounding community, primarily
increases in crime and decreases in property values. </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">(c) Pornography massively deteriorating
individual, marital, family, and social life. It is time for citizens,
communities and government to re-evaluate their laissez-faire approach.</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Response to Pornography in Other Major Religious<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hinduism<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">According
to Sri Swami Sivananda in his book <i>“Importance
of Brahmacharya”</i> he stressed upon thinking of a woman, glancing at a woman
or her picture, and thinking of a sinful action towards a woman and its
impulses. And in Mental Discipline (Bhava) he gives much importance to
annihilate lust and sexuality and to abstains all forms of immorality and to
cultivate, stick and practice bhava tenaciously to glorified Brahmacharya. Lord
Krishna said <i>“Sensuality destroys life,
strength, holiness, and devotion to the Supreme”</i> and Manu-Smriti (Laws of
Manu) also reiterates <i>“Let not a Brahmin
see a woman naked”</i> <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>Therefore
Hindu saints and sages including gurus, swamis, rishis, and sadhus strongly
recommended to abstains/refrain from infidelities, immorality, and pornographic
elements.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">On
the other hand, Kāmaśāstra-the science of love and sex (Indian sexology) and
Kāmasūtra-discourse on practical advice on sexual intercourse gives different
views and a breath of fresh air in terms pornographic rudiments. It is widely
believed to be just a manual for sexual intercourse and offers an insight into
sexual morals and ethics. Some strongly believes that it is root cause of
pornography industry with the classic of written pornography by Roman poet
Ovid’s Arsamatoria (art of Love) of 2<sup>nd</sup> century AD. <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<i>Kāmasūtra </i>does justice to its content and the purpose of the author and
understands as philosophy and ethic of pleasure.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<i>Kāmasūtra </i>will continue to be <i><u>a
debatable and controversial topic in regards to its stands to pornography</u></i>.
<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>Sadhguru
Jaggi Vasudev answers about the Kamasutra and its misconception as pornography,
and explains that Sexuality was just another aspect of life, and Kamasutra was
not written as pornography, but rather as a textbook on sexuality.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>The
Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali <span style="background: rgb(255, 249, 227); color: #242729;">describes
the virtues that must be cultivated-<strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; padding: 0in;">abstention from lewdness</span></strong> and<strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; padding: 0in;"> the action of the sense-organs</span></strong></span> and Yajnavalkya Smriti says
“He should never gaze a nude woman, a woman engaged in a sexual act, etc.”
thereby taking all these into consideration Hinduism negates pornography and
it's content.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Islam<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pornography is directly opposed to the very heart
of Islamic teachings, which is highlighted by Taqwa<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>to gain better self-control.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="background: white; color: #202028;">Moreover in Quran it
strongly condemn pornography which we can glean on </span><i><span style="background: white; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">"Surely God enjoins
justice, kindness and the doing of good, to kith and kin; and He forbids all
that is <b>shameful</b> (immorality), <b>indecent</b>, <b>evil</b>(fornication), rebellious and oppressive (Quran 16:90). </span></i><span style="background: white; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">All
scholars agree pornography is included in the term Fuhsha and it is a
universally accepted immoral act which is Munkar.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 16pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span>Qur'an
24:30-31 also clearly states that they should avoid or forbid a lustful and
nakedness of human private part and fornication. All these justified for
declaring pornography haram(prohibited) in Islam. Shaykh Muhammad Nur Abdullah,
the Imam of the Islamic Foundation of Greater St. Louis in Missouri succinctly
said “If someone is looking at someone committing Zina (sex outside of
marriage) whether it is in movies or pictures or the actual thing, it’s all
Haram(prohibited/forbidden), pornographic pictures, and movies are haram.
Muslims should not watch, sell or make such movies.”<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sikkhism<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Although
there is no direct prohibition of pornography in Sikhism, Sikhs argue that
pornographic books and films, prostitution, and lust lead to adultery.
Pornography is said to encourage lust (Kaam), which is a concept described as
an unhealthy obsession for sex and sexual activity. Kaam is classed as one of
the 'Five Thieves', personality traits which are heavily discouraged for Sikhs,
as they "can build barriers against God in their lives<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Buddhism</span></b><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Like other religions, Buddhism has rigid,
elaborate rules about sexual conduct. Buddhists have the Third Precept – </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">which is regarded as Buddhist Sexual ethics <i>“Refraining from committing sexual misconduct/practicing contentment”</i>.
In order to hold their virtue and dignity, they abstain from all kinds of
pornographic elements. Even to the lay Buddhist, they are undertaken as a
personal commitment to Buddhist practice, falling short is unskillful
(akusala). The Second Noble Truth teaches that the cause of suffering (dukkha)
is craving/desire or thirst (tanha), the craving for sense pleasures (kama).
Kama is identified as one of five hindrances to the attainment of jhana (state
of equanimity). Throughout the Sutta Pitaka the Buddha often teaches to abstain
from this craving or desire and all form of sexual morality and behavior, so
Buddhist regard pornography as a device or path to suffering.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pornography in Different Context <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Government Response (Laws) </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Under Section 292 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), “any material
which is lascivious or appeals to the prurient interest or if its effect
is such as to tend to deprave and corrupt persons who view it,” is
pornography. Moreover, if caught purchasing, sending, publishing, or creating
pornography, you are in or at least a two-year jail sentence and or a
minimum of Rs. 2000 fine.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in 2pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">According to Section 67 of the
Information Technology(IT) Act 2000, whoever publishes or transmits or
causes to be published in the electronic form any material which is lascivious
or appeals to the prurient interest or if its effect is such to tend of
deprave or corrupt persons who are likely, having regard to all relevant
circumstances, to read, see or hear the matter contained or embodied in
it; shall be punished on first conviction with imprisonment of either
description or a term which may extend to Five Years and with fine which
may extend to One Lakh rupees and in the event of a second or the subsequent conviction with imprisonment of either description of a term which
may extent to Ten Years and also with fine which may extend to Two Lakh
rupees.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in 2pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2pt;"><br /></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">It may be noticed that watching or
consuming pornography is not an offense as per the above law. All that
the law forbids is the publication or transmission of pornographic material.
“Consumption of pornography on a personal device is frowned upon by
neither the Victorian vintage Indian Penal Code (IPC) nor the 21st
Century Legislation on Information Technology”, says journalist Manoj
Mitta. Mobiles have of late emerged as a major medium for pornography
around the world. Mobiles can advantage of greater privacy.
Unfortunately, the government or the law can do nothing about this. In a
recent amendment to the Information Technology (IT) Act 2000, the
government has given up the power to block pornographic websites purely
on the ground of obscenity. Now, the courts alone can block such sites. This
is because Section 69A, which came into effect on October 27, 2009, has raised
the bar for the executive power to block Porn websites. The government
can still block such websites but only if they create a “public order” problem, which is an unlikely probability.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.1pt;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Indian Context <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Most rural folks in India enjoy
access to pornography through VCD/DVD, magazines, occasionally the
Internet and of course mobiles. Thus, the porn fever is not limited only to
urban contexts as might be considered. The metropolis of Chennai, along
with Delhi and Mumbai has been noticed as one of the key porn industries
in the nation. However, looking at the past none of these should surprise us.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.6pt; margin: 15.6pt 0in 0in 19.05pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Past <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 2.5pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.7pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">There were innumerable temples depicting erotic as well as
pornographic images of all kinds of sexuality practiced by humans, gods, and goddesses. Distinguished literature and religious volumes such as
Kama Sutra, Ramayana, Upanishads, and Puranas are worth mentioning at this
point.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana is a
book containing detailed instructions on sexual activities and methods.
It is the first literary classic in the world on the matter of sex. It teaches
that the final aim of sexual pleasure is spiritual. Generally considered
a great work of erotica, Kama Sutra also appears to be striking
literature of pornography.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt; margin: 0.7pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">According to Dr. Chatterjee,
pornography is replete in the Ramayana, especially in the older unedited
versions. Upanishads and Puranas to provide details on sexuality and sexual
activities. There are many stories of sexual activities of gods and
goddesses in this literature. Thus, one can find a great history of
erotica and pornography in India where both temple arts and religious
literature are characterized, largely, with pornographic elements in
their contents, nature of appearance and descriptions.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .6pt; margin: 0.6pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 19.05pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Present <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in 2pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Reflecting on the present scenario,
we find Indian Movie makers have been increasingly looking for ways to
bring more nudity and more shock-values that are sexual into their films, even
taking time to recruit actors and stresses with these particular skills.
They are researching American adult movie methods and techniques to assist
in the production of Bollywood’s own versions. This though raises the
question of when does a film becomes pornographic or when is it erotic. To be
sure, while erotica encapsules the embodiment of wanting of desire, an
invitation to go on a journey of exploration, pornography is nothing more
than a stripped-down version that will take persons into a void and it removes any pleasures and eventually suffocates love. Erotica or erotic is a
positive element in life experience; it is not as pornography, a negative
and destructive one.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in 2pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.95pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in 2pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2pt;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">In Defense of
Pornography <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in 2pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2pt;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">In spite of
its explicit harmful effects, pornography has been defended from various points
of view. According to the so-called Evidence Argument<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
pornography has no effect upon a person’s character and that it is not
harmful. The Therapeutic Argument believes that pornography can help overcome various sexual problems including frigidity and impotence. The Social
Benefit Argument holds that legalizing pornography can reduce sex crimes
and the porn market. The Moral-inversion Argument attempts to present an alternative to traditional morality by replacing love with hatred, by deforming what is beautiful, and praising ugliness. Similarly, the Ideological
and Liberation arguments believe that pornography can serve as a vehicle
to overthrow the old repressive culture, the coldness of the anti-sexual
philosophy of traditional morality. Finally, the Civil Liberties Argument
defends pornography as part of the issue of the freedom of speech.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>These
defenses add to the challenges of pornography demanding a serious response.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in 19.35pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.4pt;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pornography as an Ethical Issue
<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.95pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Pornography is a major problem both
in society in general and among many Christians in particular. Viewing
pornographic material precipitates marriage breakups and can produce
cocaine-like addictions. It has contributed to both common and violent crimes,
including rape and murder. It becomes a grave issue. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.95pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Pornography leads to decreased
sensitivity toward women and increased aggression. It also leads to a decreased
ability to build healthy relationships or experience a lot of sexual
satisfaction; users are increasingly unable to properly link emotional
involvement with sex. Indeed, porn fosters enhance unhealthy views about human
sexuality. Most porn portrays women as sex-obsessed, mindless objects, promiscuous
and subordinate. As feminist scholar Catharine MacKinnon proposes, the prevalence
of pornography begs the question: Are women human? Though that question seems extreme,
ask yourself if a good society can intentionally engage in a medium that
portrays half of its members in such a derogatory manner.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.95pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.95pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">We are increasingly desensitized to a discussion about porn use and regulation, even as research proves the
effects of pornography are life-altering, and stories of sex exploitation,
psychological problems, and abuse dominate inspections into the porn
industry. Many people embrace fair-trade human trafficking in the porn
industry, but few consumers express concern about porn industry
operations, and its employees and victims.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.95pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.95pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Pornography causes aggression to
individuals because it destroys the natural relationships found between
individuals and also destroys the normal spatial relationships. It starts to
build aggression in the individual, which over long periods of time can
foster a state of aggression known to eventually act out in the public arena. <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.85pt; margin: 15.85pt 0in 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;">
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<div id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Fagan,
Pat. The Effects of Pornography on Individuals, Marriage, Family and Community.
Research Analysis under Family Research Council.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Fagan,
Pat. The Effects of Pornography on Individuals, Marriage, Family and Community.
Research Analysis under Family Research Council.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Fagan,
Pat. The Effects of Pornography on Individuals, Marriage, Family and Community.
Research Analysis under Family Research Council.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <a href="http://www.yoga-age.com/modern/brahma.html#power."><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.yoga-age.com/modern/brahma.html#power.</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Shaji
George Kochuthara, KĀMA WITHOUT DHARMA?Understanding the Ethics of Pleasure in
Kāmasūtra . Journal of Dharma: Vol. 34.
No. 1, January-March 2009, 69‐96.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Pornography in Ramayana Dr. Charles claims that ramayana contains much
pornographic material and cannot be read in public. He gives the following
examples. Rama's description of Sita's beauty which is lewdly detailed (refer
to C.R.Srinivasalyengar's translation of Aryana Kandam, Chapter 46).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <a href="http://www.speakingtree.in/sadhguru-jaggi-vasudev"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.speakingtree.in/sadhguru-jaggi-vasudev</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/questions/15138/what-is-hinduisms-view-on-porn.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <a href="https://www.soundvision.com/article/islam-on-pornography-a-definite-no-no.%20"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.soundvision.com/article/islam-on-pornography-a-definite-no-no.
</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> https://medium.com/@Allaboutyouwithrifa/pornography-in-islamic-perspectives-3caa63d028f3.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> http://www.sikhwomen.com/Guru_Quotes/Guru_on_sexuality_lust.htm. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="background: white;">Robert Aitken Roshi, <i>In</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>The Mind
of Clover: Essays in Zen Buddhist Ethics</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> (New York: North Point Press, </span>1984), 41-42.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Sahayog.
Sahayog India. 25 October 2014. http://www.sahayogindia.org/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Sahayog.
Sahayog India. 25 October 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2.1pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Manoj
Mitta. Watching pornography no offence: IPC and IT Act. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Watching-pornography-no-offence-IPC-and-IT <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Act/articleshow/8613854.cms?referral=PM<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Shivraj
Mahendra, <i>A Christian Response to Pornography</i> (Delhi: ISPCK, 2012), 21-24 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Mahendra,
<i>A Christian Response to Pornography</i>... 23<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn19">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Mahendra,
<i>A Christian Response to Pornography</i>... 24 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn20">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Mahendra.
A Christian Response to Pornography... 25 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn21">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Mahendra.
A Christian Response to Pornography...26<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn22">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> John
H. Court, Pornography: A Christian Critique, (Illinois: InterVarsity Press,
1980), 13-16.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn23">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> John
H. Court, Pornography: A Christian Critique... 16-29.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn24">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Wagley,
Rachel L. Pornographic Ethics. 28 March 2011.
http://www.thecrimson.com/column/democracy-of-the
dead/article/2011/3/28/porn-pornography-moral-doeful/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn25">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Wagley,
Rachel L. <i>Pornographic Ethics</i>. 28 March 2011<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn26">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-II.docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Geisler, Norman L, <i>Contemporary Issues and Options</i> (Grand Rapids: Baker
Publishing, 2010), kindle.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div><div><div id="ftn26">
</div>
</div>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-64373708752153620872021-07-20T08:53:00.006-07:002021-07-20T08:53:27.186-07:00 Many-World Theories and Anthropic Cosmological Principle<p> <b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Many-World Theories and Anthropic Cosmological Principle</span></b><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Ralte, Rodinmawia. </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Interface of Science and Religion: An Introductory Study. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">New Delhi: Christian World Imprints, 2017.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Berry, R J. </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">True
scientists, true faith: some of the world's leading scientists reveal the
harmony between their science and their faith.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Oxford: Monarch, 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt;">The Many-Worlds Interpretation (MWI) of
quantum mechanics holds that there are many worlds that exist in parallel at
the same space and time as our own. The existence of the other worlds makes it
possible to remove randomness and action at a distance from quantum theory and
thus from all physics. Physicist Young Hugh Everett and Niels Bohr had
suggested the quantum world. Many-World Theory consists of two parts:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A mathematical
theory that yields the time evolution of the quantum state of the (single)
Universe.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A prescription that
sets up a correspondence between the quantum state of the Universe and our
experiences.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Part (i) is essentially summarized by the Schrödinger equation or
its relativistic generalization. It is a rigorous mathematical theory and is
not problematic philosophically. Part (ii) involves “our experiences” which do
not have a rigorous definition. An additional difficulty in setting up (ii)
follows from the fact that human languages were developed at a time when people
did not suspect the existence of parallel worlds.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Remarks</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">If Everett’s Many Worlds Theory is true, it holds many ramifications
that completely transform our perceptions of life. Any action that has more
than one possible result produces a split in the universe. Thus, there are an infinite number of parallel universes and infinite copies of each person.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">While some hail this interpretation as the only serious contender
for an interpretation of the quantum theory, capable of incorporating quantum
mechanical consideration into cosmology. Few working physicists take it
seriously, and even one of its most influential erstwhile supporters has
withdrawn his support. Part of the explanation for this lack of consensus is no
doubt a failure to agree on precisely what the Many-Worlds Interpretation is
that the interpretation itself needs interpreting.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Anthropic cosmological principle</span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The Anthropic Cosmological Principle was
proposed by John D. Barrow, a cosmologist, and Frank J. Tipler, a cosmologist , and mathematical physicist. Its main focus is considering the structure of the
universe, the values of the constants of nature, or the laws of nature that have
a bearing upon the existence of life. Their works are mainly of theoretical
astrophysics, it also touches on quantum physics, chemistry, and earth science.
They argue that Homo sapiens is, with high probability, the only intelligent
species in the Milky Way. The anthropic perspective is also important in
evaluating the predictions of quantum cosmological models that make only
probabilistic predictions about the structure of the universe.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Patrick A. Wilson also states- “in light
of these and countless other ‘cosmic coincidences’, the universe seems
remarkably finely tuned for mankind. This extremely fine edge on which our
presence in the universe balances cries out for an explanation. The explanation
is that there is this cosmic principle known as “Anthropic Principle” (from
Greek <i>anthropos</i>- human, meaning ‘human centered’) working in the universe so that there is the possibility of life in general and human life in
particular.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: red;">Different Types of Anthropic Principles</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">John Barrow and Frank Tipler in their
book, ‘The Anthropic Cosmological Principle’ mention three different types of
Anthropic Cosmological Principle, which they describe as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>1.
Weak Anthropic Principle:</b> The observed values of all physical and
cosmological quantities are not equally probable but they take on values
restricted by the requirement that there exist sites where carbon-based life
can evolve and by the requirement that the universe be old enough for it to
have already done so.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>2.
Strong Anthropic Principle:</b> The universe must have those properties which
allow life to develop within it at some stage in its history. An implication of
the Strong Anthropic Principle is that the constant and laws of Nature must be
such that life can exist. This leads to several interpretations: (a) There exist
one possible universe designed with the goal of generating and sustaining
observers, (b) Observers are necessary to bring the universe into being, and
(c) an assemble of other different universes is necessary for the existence of
our universe.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>3.
Final Anthropic Principle:</b> Intelligent information-processing must come
into existence in the universe, and, once it comes into existence for the existence
of our universe.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Remarks<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anthropic Principle is the idea that the universe possesses narrowly defined characteristics that permit the possibility
of habitat for humans. Theoretical physicist Tony Rothman concludes on
Anthropic Principle by stating that, “the medieval theologian who gazed at the
night sky through the eyes of Aristotle and saw angels moving the spheres in
harmony has become the modern cosmologist who gazes at the same sky through the
eyes of Einstein and sees the hand of God not in angels but in the constants of
nature. . . . When confronted with the order and beauty of the universe and the
strange coincidences of nature, it’s very tempting to take the leap of faith
from science into religion. I am sure many physicists want to. I only wish they
would admit it.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The Anthropic Principle itself does not
talk about the role of God in the whole process of the fine-tuning of the universe for life to happen. However, it cannot be difficult to infer that if
there are such contrivances in the universe for the possibility of life by an
intelligence co-coordinator, there must be God or Intelligent Ultimate Reality who
acts behind all these contrivances so as to make the universe suitable for life
in general and human life to sustain and for the existence of the universe, “A
Just Right Universe” and Fine-Tuning of the Galaxies to exist as it is.<o:p></o:p></span></p>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-74026782137707208272021-07-20T07:48:00.005-07:002021-07-20T07:48:26.828-07:00 Steady-State Theory- Scientific Theories of the Origin of the Universe and Life<p> <b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Scientific
Theories of the Origin of the Universe and Life: Description and Its Reception.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Steady-State Theory</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Berry, R J. </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">True scientists, true faith: some of the world's leading scientists
reveal the harmony between their science and their faith.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Oxford: Monarch, 2015.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ross, Hugh. </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Fingerprint of God: Recent scientific discoveries reveal the
unmistakable identity of the creator</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. California: Promise Publishing, 1991.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Steady-state theory, in cosmology, the view that the universe is always expanding but maintaining a constant average
density, with the matter being continuously created to form new stars and galaxies
at the same rate that old ones become unobservable as a consequence of their
increasing distance and velocity of recession. A steady-state universe has no
beginning or end in time, and from any point within it the view on the grand
scale—i.e., the average density and arrangement of galaxies—is the same.
Galaxies of all possible ages are intermingled.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The theory was first put forward in 1948
by British scientists Sir Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Sir Fred Hoyle. It
was further developed by Hoyle to deal with problems that had arisen in
connection with the alternative big-bang hypothesis. Observations since the
1950s (most notably, those of the cosmic microwave background) have produced
much evidence contradictory to the steady-state picture and have led scientists
to overwhelmingly support the big-bang model.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Their
models suggested that the creation of matter is an act of nature, even a law of
nature, not a one-time miracle from outside nature. Skipping past any attempt
to explain the expansion of the universe, they proposed that the voids
resulting from expansion are filled by the continual, spontaneous self-creation
of new matter.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Big Bang Growth versus Steady State Growth<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
a big bang universe the density of matter thins out and the mean age for the
galaxies advances. All big bang models predict a finite age for the universe.
In a steady-state universe, new matter is spontaneously and continuously
created. The density of matter remains the same, and the mean age for the
galaxies is constant. On a large scale, nothing changes with time. All steady-state models assume that the universe is infinite in age and extent. Since the
light of very distant galaxies takes considerable time to reach us, astronomers
can look back into the past to see which growth pattern the universe follows.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
champions of this steady-state hypothesis made their theological position clear
from the start. Bondi and Hoyle declared their opposition to the notion that
anything could transcend the realm of nature Hoyle made no bones about his
opposition to Christianity. To his thinking, “the Universe is everything” and
to suggest otherwise is “crackpot.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Quasi-Steady-State Universe<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">As
noted in books by both Christian and non-Christian astronomers, and even by
steady-state model proponents themselves, steady-state models have been
decisively proven wrong by observational advances. In addition to the failures
already noted in this chapter, the established character of the cosmic
background radiation, the abundance of the elements, the dispersal of galaxies
with respect to time, the cosmic entropy measure, and the accelerating
expansion of the universe clearly refute the possibility that we live in a
steady-state universe.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Theology and Steady-State</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The theological thrust of the steady-state models was that no personal involvement
from God was necessary to explain our existence. Steady-state says the universe
has not evolved and that it has existed for infinite time. Thus, the dice of
chance could have been thrown an infinite number of times under favorable
natural conditions to explain the assembling of atoms into organisms. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">But,
observational proofs now affirm that the universe has evolved, very
significantly, from a beginning just several billion years ago. Thus, our
existence cannot be attributed to the natural realm’s lucky throw of the dice
(out of an infinite number of throws). Moreover, the big bang determines that
the cause of the universe is functionally equivalent to the God of the Bible, a
Being beyond the matter, energy, space, and time of the cosmos.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Steady
state models were supported by an imagined force of physics for which there was
not one shred of observational or experimental evidence. The oscillating
universe model depended on an imagined bounce mechanism for which there was
likewise not one shred of observational or experimental evidence. Similar
appeals to imagined forces and phenomena have been the basis for all the
cosmological models proposed to avoid the big bang implications about God. The
disproof of these models and the ongoing appeal by non-theists to more and more
bizarre unknowns and unknowable seem to reflect the growing strength of the
case for theism.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According
to Adolf Grünbaum, a German-American philosopher of science, there is no room
for divine creation in either big-bang or steady-state cosmology. “Steady-state
cosmology,” he concludes, “is indeed logically incompatible with [the] claim
that divine creative intervention is causally necessary for the non-conservative
popping into existence of new matter in the steady-state universe”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Steady-state
cosmology is at least problematical from the point of view of traditional
theology, it goes well together with the ideas of process theology or
philosophy, where God is seen as interacting creatively and incessantly with
natural processes. The prominent British astronomer Bernard Lovell, a devoted
Christian inspired by process thinking, was in sympathy with the steady-state
theory and saw no reason why it should be a threat to belief in a divine being.
To him, the creation of matter was a sure sign of God's activity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-56943134328971831582021-07-18T09:45:00.007-07:002021-07-23T05:46:44.621-07:00Evidence for the fine-tuning of the galaxy-sun-earth-moon system for life support- A "Just-Right" Universe<p class="H4" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 20pt; letter-spacing: 5pt; line-height: 150%;">Evidence
for the fine-tuning of the galaxy-sun-earth-moon system for life support<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--i_imwG_BvY/YPRcYH9Dt3I/AAAAAAAAFfw/dWT-6EG7SiMllwO24_TWHNkOIOJSMWb1wCLcBGAsYHQ/s770/parallel-universe-1-770x433.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="770" height="358" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--i_imwG_BvY/YPRcYH9Dt3I/AAAAAAAAFfw/dWT-6EG7SiMllwO24_TWHNkOIOJSMWb1wCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h358/parallel-universe-1-770x433.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">(Adapted
from the author's books, The Fingerprint of God (second edition, Promise
Publishing, 1991) and The Creator and the Cosmos (second edition, NavPress,
1995). References may be found in both books.)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. Galaxy type<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo32; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><i style="text-indent: -63pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if too elliptical:</span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -63pt;"> star formation would cease before sufficient
heavy element build-up for life chemistry</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo32; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if too irregular: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">radiation exposure on occasion would be too
severe and heavy elements for life chemistry would not be available <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo32; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if too large: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">infusion of gas and stars would disturb sun's
orbit and ignite too many galactic eruptions <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo32; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if too small: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">insufficient infusion of gas to sustain star
formation <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Supernovae eruptions</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if too close: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">life on the planet would be wiped out by
radiation <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if too far: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -63pt;">elements ashes which are not heavy enough would tend to</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span> form rocky planets <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if
too infrequent: </span></em><span style="font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -63pt;">elements ashes that are not heavy enough would tend to</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -63pt;"> form rocky planets</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if too frequent: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">life on the planet would be annihilated<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if too soon: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -63pt;">elements ashes that are not heavy enough would tend to</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -63pt;"> form rocky planets</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if too late: </span></i><span style="font-size: 24px; text-indent: -84px;">life on the planet would be wiped out by radiation</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. White dwarf binaries<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if too few: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">fluorine which is pivotal for
life chemistry would be insufficient<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if too many: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">planetary orbits will be disrupted;
life on planet would be wiped out<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if
too </span></em><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">soon: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">heavy elements would not be enough to made efficient fluorine production <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if
too late: </span></em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">fluorine
production would be late for incorporation in protoplanet <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. Parent star distance from center
of galaxy<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if farther</span></i><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span></em><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">quantity of heavy elements would be
insufficient to make rocky planets <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if closer: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">galactic radiation would be extreme; stellar
density would disturb planetary orbits <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="color: red;">5. Number of stars in the planetary system</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if
more than one: </span></em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">tidal
interactions would disturb planetary orbits <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if
less than one: </span></em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">heat
produced would be insufficient for life <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6. Parent star birth date</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if
more </span></em><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">recent: star </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">would
not yet have reached stable burning phase; stellar system would contain too
many heavy elements <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if
less re</span></em><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">cent: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">stellar system would not contain enough heavy elements <o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jzyh4oD8sg8/YPRcYeMzIpI/AAAAAAAAFf0/jaBht4DwfNcGQjYoRfaQFrC5Ttci5qJuwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1041/potw1930a.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="626" data-original-width="1041" height="310" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jzyh4oD8sg8/YPRcYeMzIpI/AAAAAAAAFf0/jaBht4DwfNcGQjYoRfaQFrC5Ttci5qJuwCLcBGAsYHQ/w514-h310/potw1930a.jpg" width="514" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7. Parent star age<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if
older: </span></em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">luminosity of star would
change swiftly</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><i style="text-indent: -0.75in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if younger: </span></i><span style="font-size: 24px;">luminosity of star would change swiftly</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8. Parent star mass<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo6; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if greater: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">luminosity of star would change hastily;
star would burn very fast<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo6; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if less: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">planet distances for life to exist would be limited; tidal forces would disturb the </span><span style="font-size: 24px;">rotational period of</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.75in;"> life planet ; uv
radiation would not be sufficient for plants to make sugars and oxygen</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">9. Parent star color<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if
</span></em><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">redder: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">photosynthetic process would be disrupted<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if
bluer</span></em><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: </span></i><span style="font-size: 24px;">photosynthetic process would be disrupted</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="color: red;">10. Parent star luminosity relative to speciation</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if
increases </span></em><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">too soon: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">runaway greenhouse effect would develop <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if
increases t</span></em><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">oo late: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">runaway glaciation would develop <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">11. Surface gravity (escape velocity)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo8; mso-text-indent-alt: -27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if stronger: </span></i><span style="font-size: 24px;">too much ammonia and methane would hold in</span><i style="text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-indent: -58.5pt;">planet's atmosphere </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo8; mso-text-indent-alt: -27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if
weaker</span></em><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: </span></i><span style="font-size: 24px;">too much water </span><span style="font-size: 24px;">would lose in</span><span style="font-size: 24px; text-indent: -58.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -58.5pt;">planet's
atmosphere </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">12. Distance from parent star<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo9; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if farther: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">planet would be too cool for a stable water
cycle <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo9; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if
closer: </span></em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">planet would be too warm for
a stable water cycle <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">13. Inclination of orbit<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: 58.5pt center dotted 3.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if
</span></em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><i>too great: </i>Extreme<i> </i></span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">temperature
differences on the planet would happen. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">14. Orbital eccentricity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: center dotted 3.0in 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if
too </span></em><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">great: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">seasonal
temperature differences would be too extreme <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">15. Axial tilt<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if greater: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">surface
temperature differences would be extreme<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if less: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">surface
temperature differences would be <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: 24px;">extreme</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">16. Rotation period<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo13; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if longer: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">perpetual temperature differences would be <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: 24px; text-indent: -72px;">extreme</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo13; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if shorter: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">atmospheric
wind velocities would be <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: 24px; text-indent: -72px;">extreme</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">17. Rate of change in rotation period<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if longer: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">surface
temperature range necessary for life would not be sustained <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if shorter<em>:</em> </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">surface temperature range necessary for life
would not be sustained <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">18. Age</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if too young: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">planet would rotate too rapidly <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if too old: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">planet
would rotate too slowly <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">19. Magnetic field<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo16; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if stronger: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">electromagnetic
storms would be too severe <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo16; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if weaker: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ozone
shield would be inadequately protected from hard stellar and solar radiation <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">20. Thickness of crust<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo17; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if thicker: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">too much
oxygen would be transferred from the atmosphere to the crust <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo17; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if thinner: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">volcanic
and tectonic activity would be too great <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">21. Albedo (ratio of reflected light
to total amount falling on surface) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if greater: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">runaway
glaciation would develop <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if less: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">runaway
greenhouse effect would develop <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">22. Asteroidal and cometary collision
rate</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo19; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if greater: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">too many
species would become extinct <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo19; mso-text-indent-alt: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if less: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">crust
would be too depleted of materials essential for life <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">23. Oxygen to nitrogen ratio in
atmosphere</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo20; mso-text-indent-alt: -27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if larger: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">advanced
life functions would proceed too quickly <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo20; mso-text-indent-alt: -27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if smaller: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">advanced
life functions would proceed too slowly <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo20; mso-text-indent-alt: -27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">24. Carbon dioxide level in
atmosphere<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo21; mso-text-indent-alt: -13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if greater: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">runaway
greenhouse effect would develop <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo21; mso-text-indent-alt: -13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if less: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">plants
would be unable to maintain efficient photosynthesis <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">25. Water vapor level in atmosphere<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo22; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if greater: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">runaway
greenhouse effect would develop <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo22; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if less: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">rainfall
would be too meager for advanced life on the land <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">26. Atmospheric electric discharge
rate<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo23; mso-text-indent-alt: -13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if greater: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">too much
fire destruction would occur <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo23; mso-text-indent-alt: -13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if less: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">too
little nitrogen would be fixed in the atmosphere<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">27. Ozone level in atmosphere<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if greater: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">surface
temperatures would be too low <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if less: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">surface
temperatures would be too high; too much uv radiation would be at the surface <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">28. Oxygen quantity in atmosphere<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo25; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if greater: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">plants
and hydrocarbons would bum up too easily <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo25; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if </span></em><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">less: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">advanced animals would have too little to
breathe <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">29. Seismic activity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo26; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if greater: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">too many
life-forms would be destroyed <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo26; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if less: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">nutrients
on ocean floors from river runoff would not be recycled to continents through
tectonics. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">30. Oceans-to-continents ratio<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo27; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if greater: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">diversity
and complexity of life-forms would be limited <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo27; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if smaller: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">diversity
and complexity of life-forms would be limited <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">31. Global distribution of continents
(for Earth)</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo28; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if too much in the southern hemisphere: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">seasonal differences too severe for advanced
life <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">32. Soil mineralization<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo29; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if too nutrient poor: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">diversity and complexity of life-forms would be
limited <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo29; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if too nutrient rich: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">diversity and complexity of life-forms would be
limited <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">33. Gravitational interaction with a
moon<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo29; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if greater: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">tidal
effects on the oceans, atmosphere, and rotational period would be too severe <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo29; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if less: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">orbital
obliquity changes would cause climatic instabilities; movement of nutrients and
life from the oceans to the continents and vice versa would be insufficient;
magnetic field would be too weak <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">34. Jupiter distance<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo30; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if greater: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">too many
asteroid and comet collisions would occur on Earth <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo30; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if less: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Earth's
orbit would become unstable <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">35. </span></i><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jupiter mass<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if greater: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Earth's
orbit would become unstable <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">if less: </span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">too many
asteroid and comet collisions would occur on Earth <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="H4" style="line-height: 150%;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-55306563488104152202021-07-18T09:18:00.006-07:002021-07-18T09:18:35.045-07:00Quantum Physics- Paradigms in Science and Paradigm shift<p> <b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; letter-spacing: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Quantum Physics.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; letter-spacing: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ralte,
Rodinmawia. The Interface of Science and Religion: An Introductory Study. New
Delhi: Christian World Imprints, 2017.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Baggott, Jim. The Quantum Story a history in 40 moments. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Quantum Mechanics (Physics) is considered as one of the century’s
most innovative and fruitful scientific insights into the working of nature.
Quantum mechanics deals with the behavior of matter and light on the atomic and
subatomic scale. It attempts to describe and account for the properties of
molecules and atoms and their constituents-electrons, protons, and other more
esoteric particles such as quarks and gluons. These properties include the
interactions of the particles with one another and with electromagnetic
radiation such as light, X-rays, and gamma rays.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Quantum mechanics started with Max Planck in 1900 when he
discovered that light, X-rays, and other waves could not be emitted at an
arbitrary rate but only in certain energy packets that he called ‘quanta’.
Where light and other electromagnetic radiation can appear not only as
electromagnetic waves but also in the form of quanta which are known as photons.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Quantum mechanics was formulated by Werner Heisenberg from Germany,
Erwin Schrodinger from Austria, Paul Dirac from England. Heisenberg theory came
to be known as ‘Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle’- The position and the
velocity of an object cannot both be measure exactly at the same time, instead, they had a quantum state which was the combination of position and velocity. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">One of the most striking features of the atom which quantum theory
reveals is that the small particles within the atom have dual aspects i.e. the
subatomic units matter are both particle and wave. Light takes the form of
electromagnetic waves or particles. Thus, it is not possible to predict the
atomic event with certainty; we can only say how likely it will happen. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Quantum mechanics and Christian faith<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Quantum mechanics has far-reaching consequences on the way we see the
material world. First, science's ability to predict and determine has a limit,
indicating that science is not always reliable to determine the universal laws.
So, the role of God cannot be ruled out. Second, Quantum mechanics reveals that
scientific knowledge is not always objective knowledge but subjectivity is
involved in making scientific knowledge more like theological knowledge. Third,
Quantum mechanics reveals the basic oneness of the universe. We cannot separate
things in the universe, as we penetrate deep into the matter, we do not see
isolated basic building block but a complicated web of relations between
various parts of the whole.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.85pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">There is a connectedness in the
universe that defies explanation. A change in a subatomic particle on this side
of the galaxy will instantaneously make a difference in an entangled particle
on the other side. This is not science fiction. It is scientific fact.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.85pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Subatomic particles are not the
only things that are entangled in our universe. So are we. We are entangled
with one another and even with creation—something we are only now discovering
but which Paul asserted to be true in Romans 8. God designed humanity this way
from the beginning. It is part of what makes us great. We are entangled with
people we do not know, from places we have never been, at times we have not
existed, in the deep past and in the unknown future.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.85pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">The entire human race can be
conceived as one large, interconnected thing, stretching across space and time.
If we could see what God sees when he looks at humanity, we would not only see
a hundred billion or so disconnected individuals but a human race that is more
like a massive body with a hundred billion parts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;">What
quantum physics does show us the oddness of the world. It is proof that
rational, logical thought doesn’t completely explain the universe. The oddness
of the universe makes the oddness of Christianity more believable. Physics
doesn’t prove Christianity. But what quantum mechanics and Christianity both
want to tell us is that the world isn’t exactly as it seems. It’s much, much
more peculiar and much, much more wonderful than it seems.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;">Quantum
mechanics, the science of small things, reveals the weakness of science in determining
the reality of things. As the movement of electrons in an atom is indeterminate
which follows no fixed law, it is clear that matters are not controlled by
scientific laws. Furthermore, the dualistic nature of the subatomic particle-
existing as a particle as well as a wave at the same time demolished the concept
of absolute at least at the atomic level. Again, the fact that movement of
subatomic particles is affected by the observer, so, the role of the observer is
paramount in determining the reality of subatomic particles. This in turn
questions the validity of scientific objectivity but opens the role of subjectivity
in scientific research.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-88916549192994630952021-07-18T09:10:00.003-07:002021-07-18T09:10:17.340-07:00 Einstein’s Theory of Relativity- Paradigms in Science and Paradigm shift<p> <b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; letter-spacing: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Einstein’s Theory of Relativity</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Smith, Peter Godfrey. Theory and Reality: an Introduction to the
Philosophy of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ralte, Rodinmawia. The Interface of Science and Religion: An Introductory Study. New Delhi: Christian
World Imprints, 2017.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hawking, Stephen. A
Brief History of Time. New York: Bantam Books, 1992.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Albert Einstein
(1879-1955) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">shook the
foundations of physics with the introduction of his Special Theory of
Relativity in 1905, and his General Theory of Relativity in 1915 was the
recognition that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant and an absolute the physical boundary for motion. The theory of relativity states that objects will
move slower and shorten in length from the point of view of an observer on
Earth. Einstein also derived the famous equation, E = mc2, which reveals the
equivalence of mass and energy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Theory
of Relativity – The Basics<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Physicists
usually, dichotomize the Theory of Relativity into two parts.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The first is
the Special Theory of Relativity, which essentially deals with the question of
whether rest and motion are relative or absolute, and with the consequences of
Einstein’s conjecture that they are relative.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The second is
the General Theory of Relativity, which primarily applies to particles as they
accelerate, particularly due to gravitation, and acts as a radical revision of
Newton’s theory, predicting important new results for fast-moving and/or very
massive bodies. The General Theory of Relativity correctly reproduces all
validated predictions of Newton’s theory, but expands on our understanding of
some of the key principles. Newtonian physics had previously hypothesized that
gravity-operated through empty space, but the theory lacked explanatory power
as far as how the distance and mass of a given object could be transmitted
through space.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Theory of
Relativity is full of mathematical calculations, very difficult to explain to
the common people. For instance, in the theory of relativity one finds the
phrases like ‘curved space’, ‘four dimensions’ and ‘finite universe’. The terms
are to some extent familiar, but the exact meaning is difficult to make out.
When Einstein was asked to explain his theory of relativity, he answered
amusingly; “Put your hand over a hot stove for a minute that seems like an
hour, sit beside a beautiful woman for an hour that would seem like a minute.
That is Relativity.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">In 1915 to
produce his general theory of relativity, Einstein showed that space and matter
act on one another so as to deform space itself: space tells matter how to
move, and matter tells space how to curve. In Einstein’s non-Euclidian world of
diverging and intersecting parallel lines, the shortest path from one point to
another in the presence of a gravitational field can become a curved line. Thus
gravity is said to “bend light”. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Theory of
relativity denies that there is such thing as a unique right frame of space
because all frames of space are relative. They can only be defined relative to
one specific observer. Likewise, magnetic fields are also relative, time can
dilate, it is not absolute. Mass is energy and energy has mass- the property
which gives matter its characteristic solidity, that is, its mass is simply
energy. Thus energy becomes the ultimate material of the universe. General
Theory of Relativity shows us that space is not three-dimensional and time is
not a separate entity either. Time and Space are connected to form fourth dimensional:
space-time. With the theory of relativity, absolute space and time, unchanging and
infinite universe lost their meaning and they are replaced by dynamic space and
time, and finite universe. Even Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose concluded
that Einstein’s general theory of relativity implied that the universe must
have a beginning and possibly an end.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Theory of Relativity and Faith</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hugh Ross a
pastor/astronomer with the faith-and-science group says, "It's that Theory
of General Relativity that predicts there's a beginning to the universe. Until
Albert Einstein's theory came along, astronomers and physicists thought the universe was infinitely old," "The Theory of General Relativity now
said, 'No, it's finite in time. It has a beginning,' which implies there must
be a Beginner who was responsible for bringing the universe into
existence."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">With the theory
of relativity absolute space and time, the unchanging and infinite universe lost
their meaning and they are replaced by dynamics space and time, and finite
universe. Thus, Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose concluded that Einstein’s
general theory of relativity implied that the universe must have a beginning
and possibly an end. This implies that the biblical eschatological dimension
which is the major focus of the New Testament teaching for the Christian hope
that the world will end and Jesus will come back to rule the world and every
knees will bow down and take back all those who believe in him to be with him
forever.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-82810359235470087102021-07-18T08:19:00.007-07:002021-07-18T08:19:45.982-07:00 Newtonian Mechanics- Paradigms in Science and Paradigm shift<p> <b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; letter-spacing: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Newtonian Mechanics</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Newton, Roger G. From Clockwork to Crapshoot a history of physics.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Smith, Peter Godfrey. Theory and Reality: an Introduction to the
Philosophy of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Baggott, Jim. The Quantum Story a history in 40 moments. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prior to the
time of Newton, the argument from design had an intuitive appeal because it was
grounded in the idea that the number of higher-order complexes (producing
higher-order activities such as self-motion, eyesight, intelligence, etc.)
which could be produced by the interaction of simpler constituents is extremely
remote by comparison to the number of non-productive combinations of those
simpler constituents. From the vantage point of both physics and probability
theory, this is not an erroneous idea. The world we live in is a complex place,
and we must expect any theory that describes it accurately to share that
complexity.<b><i> </i></b>The mathematical study of the motion of everyday
objects and the forces that affect them is called classical mechanics.
Classical mechanics is often called Newtonian mechanics because nearly the
entire study builds on the work of Isaac Newton<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Integrated%20&amp;%20Interdisciplinary/Science%20and%20Religion/11--Newton%20Mechanics.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. The
main works of Newton was based on the Newtonian Mechanics laws and principles
at the core of classical mechanics include the following:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Newton's First
Law of Motion</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: A body at
rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion will remain in motion unless it
is acted upon by an external force.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Newton's Second
Law of Motion:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> The net force
acting on an object is equal to the mass of that object times its acceleration.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Newton's Third
Law of Motion:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> For every
action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Newton's Law of
Universal Gravitation:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> The pull of
gravity between two objects will be proportional to the masses of the objects
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers
of mass.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Law of
Conservation of Energy:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Energy cannot
be created nor destroyed, and instead changes from one form to another; for
example, mechanical energy turning into heat energy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Law of
Conservation of Momentum:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> In the absence
of external forces such as friction, when objects collide, the total momentum
before the collision is the same as the total momentum after the collision.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bernoulli's
Principle:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Within a continuous streamline of
fluid flow, a fluid's hydrostatic pressure will balance in contrast to its
speed and elevation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Newtonian
Mechanics and faith<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">God’s word is
therefore the foundation for all of creation, and provides a foundation in
particular for those regularities that are termed scientific law. Science in
all its parts depends on the belief in regularities, and on confidence that
laws exist. In so doing, it is depending on the word of God and on the
regularities that God specifies in his speech.4 In particular, the real laws of
physics are the word of God. Human physicists give us an approximation to that
word.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This connection
between science and the word of God has at least two fruits. First, by linking
God to the question of scientific law, it raises the question as to whether
differences in people’s views of God can result in differences in scientific
opinion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">According to
the Second Law, acceleration is proportional to the force impressed. The
constant of proportionality is the mass of the object. F = ma; F is the force;
m is the mass, and a is the acceleration. The force F is mass times
acceleration, making the force proportional both to the mass and to the
acceleration.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Simple
proportionality is built in. And, when we relate our discoveries in the
macrocosm to the tabernacle as a microcosm, we can affirm that the beauty of the
simple proportions in the tabernacle is related to the beauty of the simple
proportions in the macrocosm. Both are the product of beautiful design on
the part of God.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Integrated%20&amp;%20Interdisciplinary/Science%20and%20Religion/11--Newton%20Mechanics.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The glory of God is manifested in physics in any number of ways, in its
beauties, in its harmonies, in its impressive exactitude and power. But it is
also manifested specifically in reflections of the Trinitarian character of
God.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Newtonian mechanism reinforced the strategy of reductionism, by
which an object's behavior is explained solely in terms of the behavior of its
parts. Embracing determinism and reductionism, Newtonian physicists and other
scientists came to disdain explanations that appealed to purpose, or telos.
Instead, they sought to provide explanations solely in terms of efficient
causes. This mechanistic outlook continues to oppose religious perspectives
that speak of the meaningfulness and purposefulness of the world.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">In response to the rise of mechanistic physics, Western
philosophers and theologians of the Enlightenment focused much of their effort
on protecting human freedom. One of the first to deal with this issue was René
Descartes (1596–1650), who divided reality into two realms: the material world
of mechanical necessity (<i>res extensa)</i> and the mental world of human free
will (<i>res cogitans</i>). Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) subsequently advanced
a more nuanced dualism, distinguishing between the determinism of the perceived
world (the realm of phenomena ) and the freedom of the world in and for itself
(the realm of <i>noumena</i> ). Following Descartes and Kant, many Protestant
theologians abandoned the physical world and retreated into the
"inner" world of the human spirit. Friedrich Schleiermacher
(1768–1834) was one of the first to thrust this agenda, removing religion from
the realm of knowledge and relocating it in the realm of feeling. By the end of
the nineteenth century, Albrecht Ritschl (1822–1889) could write,
"theology has to do, not with natural objects, but with states and
movements of man's spiritual life." In its first interactions with modern
physics, Christian thought had managed to defend human freedom from physical
determinism only by severing human existence from its physical foundation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Classical physics also posits a serious challenge to notions of
God's ongoing activity in the world. In response to determinism, Christian
thinkers developed three markedly different theories of divine action. <span style="color: #00b0f0;">Firstly</span>, the universe does not have the causal
powers within itself necessary to bring about its present configuration. Newton
espoused an early version of this approach, claiming that the planets' orbits
were inherently unstable and thus in need of occasional divine adjustment.
Locating God's activity as Newton did in events allegedly lying beyond the ken
of scientific explanation has been called the God of the gaps approach. Such
explanations rely problematically on scientific ignorance and must retreat
whenever science fills an explanatory gap. Others pursued a more compelling
version of this approach, often called interventionism, in which God breaks the
laws of nature when acting in a specific event. God, on this view, creates gaps
in an otherwise deterministic world to make "room" for particular
divine acts. Deists rejected this theory because they felt that the most honest
and reasonable response to determinism was to relinquish the God who continues
to act, in favor of a God who brings the world into existence and then desists.
(Newton's account of inertial, or self-sustaining, motion helped to discredit
the idea that the world depends upon God's ongoing activity for its continued
existence.) Finally, nineteenth-century Protestant liberals eliminated from
their theory of divine action all objectively special acts and miracles,
speaking only of God's one great uniform act: the entire history of creation.
On the liberal account, one might perceive God acting specially in some
particular physical event, but this would be merely a matter of one's own
subjective perception.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The resolution of this tension will no doubt lead to further
opportunities for conversation with religious perspectives. The human quest for
meaning and transcendence cannot be reduced to physical explanation, but it can
be enriched by the deeper understanding of the world's natural processes that
physics provides. Newton had conceived of space as God's means of experiencing
the world and of time as an absolute structure with an endless past and future,
as well as a uniformly moving present.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Integrated%20&amp;%20Interdisciplinary/Science%20and%20Religion/11--Newton%20Mechanics.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Isaac Newton
(1642-1727) becomes the most influential scientist of the 17th century, his
ideas becoming the foundation of modern physics. Sir Isaac Newton's three laws
of motion describe the motion of massive bodies and how they interact became
the basis for modern physics.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Integrated%20&amp;%20Interdisciplinary/Science%20and%20Religion/11--Newton%20Mechanics.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
https://frame-poythress.org/redeeming-physics-biblical-and-theological-resources-for-a-god-centered-approach/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-83529777056560580512021-07-17T02:56:00.003-07:002021-07-17T02:56:17.931-07:00Sociology of Science- Paradigms in Science and Paradigm shift<p> <b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sociology of Science</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ralte, Rodinmawia. The
Interface of Science and Religion: An Introductory Study. New Delhi: Christian
World Imprints, 2017.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Murphy,
Raymond. The Sociological Construction of Science Without Nature, Sociology,
(Vol.28, No. 4, November, 1994), 57.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Henry,
Sarojini. The Encounter of Faith and Science in Inter-Religious Dialogue. New
Delhi: ISPCK, 2005.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sociology
of science deals with the social conditions and effects of science and with the
social structures and processes of scientific activity. Science is a cultural
tradition, preserved and transmitted from generation to generation partly
because it is valued in its own right and partly because of its wide
technological applications. The Sociology of science seeks to establish as
specifically and precisely as possible the social conditions under which
science makes maximal progress. Sociologist of science has concentrated on this
characteristic of science as a tradition and as an institution. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Science
can err and it has erred. We have seen that science is not free from the
influence of society, religion and personal inclination and emotion of
scientific researches which make scientific research subjective at least
partially. Both science and religion are the products of human beings and by
nature limited thence should be taken together as complementing rather than
competing, enriching one another than encroaching, having dialogical
relationship as both are attempts to unearth the inexhaustible reality of God
and his creation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">According
to Pierre Bourdieu, a French Sociologist, and Philosopher, the sociology of
science rests on the postulate that the objective truth of the product- even in
the case of that very particular product, scientific truth- lies in a particular type of social conditions of production, or more precisely, in s
determinate state of the structure and functioning of the scientific field. The
pure universe of even the purest science I a social field like any others, with
its distribution of power and its monopolies, its struggles and strategies,
interests and profits, but it is a field in which all these invariants take on
specific forms.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Development of Sociology of Science<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 22.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Sociology of science has undergone considerable growth and
diversification in recent years. Early sociology of science was developed
within philosophical debates regarding the nature of science and the social
bases of knowledge in general. Karl Mannheim and Max Scheler in the 1920s gave these
discussions on especially sociological bent. In the 1930s, the theme was made
into explicit sociology of science both by Marxists and by the functionalist
Robert Merton, and both approaches were followed up during the next 30 years. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sociology of science became flourishing research area in the early the 1960s, with the publication of works by a number of scholars, such as Derek
Price, Thomas Kuhn, Joseph Ben-David, and Warren Hagstrom. In the 1970s,
sociology of science burgeoned into a variety of approaches: citation and
network studies, conflict theory, social constructivism,
ethnomethologically-influence studies of laboratory life and others. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The idealized functionalist image of science has largely given way
more to the critical, relativist, and highly empirical approaches to science. Today, sociology of science is becoming one
of the blooming disciplines in sociology, and its contributions in terms of
estimating the influence of science on social conditions and vice versa is
commendable.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Social Construction of Science<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The social construction of science means the social influences on
science and scientific theories, research and discoveries, and on the content of
scientific knowledge. The predominant conception of science has been one of the
accumulations of impartial, objective knowledge of nature by disinterested
scientists. This conception is associated with an image of science as conflict-free and as the reflection of natural reality. In reaction to this conception,
contemporary studies in the sociology of science have drawn attention to the
was scientific knowledge is socially constructed and to the relative rather
than the absolute character of that knowledge. The age-old view that science is
objective, rational and the only reliable path to knowledge is now challenged
by many sociologists of science. However, the use of the term ‘social
construction’ in science studies started to become common in the mid-1970s.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The philosopher Ian Hacking has discussed and criticized different
uses of the concept of social construction. Hacking (1999) takes apart and
analyzes the many and varying meanings of social construction. According to
Hacking, the concept is routinely used in a way that makes it devoid of
meaning. ”The phrase has become code. Hacking found three main types:
contingency, nominalism, and external reasons for stability (Sismondo 2004).
The first kind of social constructivism essentially comes to mean that things
could have been different – there was nothing inevitable about the current
state of affairs and it was not determined by the nature of things. The second
kind of social constructivism focuses on the politics of categories and points
to how classifications are always human impositions rather than natural kinds.
The third kind of social constructivism points to how stability and success in
scientific theories are due to external, rather than evidential, reasons.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Society” has been ruined by sociologists and social constructivists,
as they have made sure that it has been purged of what Bruno Latour calls not
objects, but ”nonhumans.” If the social constructivist is to be believed, says
Latour, only social relations exist in society. Furthermore, as nature is not
awarded a reality status in its own right, but is simply a series of social
inscriptions, the entire project becomes tautological. Latour thus disputes
what he calls a dualist paradigm and seeks to avoid a subject-object
distinction altogether. As ”society” has become tainted, he prefers instead the
notion of ”collective.” This collective is extended to include nonhumans as
well as humans. Latour’s society is constructed, but not socially constructed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sociologists insisted that our knowledge is socially constructed
and this shakes scientific foundations and religious beliefs as well. Scientific
research is also subject to dogma and clinging to old theories. Scientific
theories are theory-laden, not theory-free. Scientists are now talking less of
definite laws but more of probability, less determinism, more of hypothetical
theories, less of truth, and more of models and metaphors,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 22.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-51306577385081174332021-07-17T01:58:00.004-07:002021-07-17T01:58:24.839-07:00 Prominent Philosophers of Science in the Twentieth Century- Paradigms in Science and Paradigm shift<p> <b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prominent
Philosophers of Science in the Twentieth Century</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Ralte,
Rodinmawia. The Interface of Science and Religion: An Introductory Study. New
Delhi: Christian World Imprints, 2017.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Vinck,
Dominique. The Sociology of Scientific Work: The Fundamental Relationship
between Science and Society. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.,
2010.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">There are five
prominent philosophers of science in the twentieth century. They are: Michael
Polanyi, Karl Popper, Imre Lakatos, Thomas Kuhn and Paul Fayerabend.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. Michael Polanyi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Michael Polanyi
(1891–1976) was born to a Viennese family living in Hungary. After obtaining a
medical degree, he served in the Austro-Hungarian army in World War I, then
chose Austrian citizenship in the aftermath of the war. While on sick leave, he
wrote an article on the adsorption of gases that became the foundation for his
doctoral research in physical chemistry at Karlsruhe in Germany. In his later
work at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin and the University of Manchester
in England, Polanyi also worked on crystallography and reaction kinetics. After
fleeing to England from Nazi Germany, Polanyi gradually turned away from
physical chemistry to studies in economics, social and political analysis,
philosophy, theology, and aesthetics. The biography traces the development of
Polanyi's theory of tacit, personal knowledge and shows how his scientific
career shaped his philosophy of science and his view of religion in general and
Christianity and Judaism in particular.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">His main contributions
in the field of Philosophy of Science lie in his idea that personal judgments
and human values are the essential components of scientific research. Polanyi
says, “Objectivism has totally falsified our conception of truth, by exalting
what we can know and prove, while covering up with ambiguous utterances all
that we know and cannot prove, even though the latter knowledge underlies, and
must ultimately set its seal to, all that we can prove.” According to him, “the
act of knowing, like the act of perception, is essentially an acquired skill. Knowledge
is only possible when the knower’s talent is integrating a variety of elements
into a perspective around that particular point which is the focus of his or
her attention.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">In Polanyi
schemes of thought, knowledge is explicit, thus access to it is possible only
by participating in the community which is structured according to the
traditions which contains the prerequisite subsidiary-focal patterns. Polanyi
is also against the notion that science is purely based on objective research. He
maintains that objectivity is a false idea because this posits a kind of
knowing in which the knowing object is eliminated or ignored.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Karl Popper</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Karl Popper
(1902-1994) is one of the biggest names in the history of the philosophy of
science. Karl Popper is generally regarded as one of the greatest philosophers
of science of the twentieth century. He taught at Canterbury University College
in Christchurch, new Zealand, and also in London School of Economics and the
University of London. Among his students were great philosophers like Lakatos,
Feyarabend, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Popper tried to
delineate between science and non-science, arguing that metaphysics was
non-observational, and therefore could not be science. He championed the idea
of falsification, where a hypothesis must be potentially disprovable for it to
be regarded as scientific. According to him, theological, epistemological, and
metaphysical questions were not falsifiable, and therefore not scientific. For
Popper, the growth of human knowledge proceeds from our problems and from our
attempts to solve them. The priority of problems in Popper’s account of science
is paramount, and it is this which leads him to characterize scientists as
“problem-solvers”. As Popper succinctly concludes, “The fact that we predict
eclipses does not, therefore, provide a valid reason for expecting that we can
predict revolutions”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. Imre Lakatos</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Imre Lakatos
(1922–1974) was a Hungarian-born philosopher of mathematics and science who
rose to prominence in Britain, having fled his native land in 1956 when the
Hungarian Uprising was suppressed by Soviet tanks. He taught at London School
of Economics from 1960 until his untimely death in 1974.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lakatos’ mjor
contribution to the philosophy of science is on scientific growth rather than on
falsification and its use of the notions of progressive and degenerating
problem-shifts. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The best-known
of Lakatos’s “Conference Proceedings” is Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge,
which became an international best-seller. It contains Lakatos’s important
paper “Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes”
(FMSRP). This led to the discoveries of two development-<span style="color: red;">first</span>, the discovery that falsification could be developed so as to
deal with these apparently anomalous aspects of scientific development and, <span style="color: red;">secondly</span>, the discovery of the critical role played in
science by the heuristic principles whose importance for mathematics. According
to him, scientists work with the research programme at the heart of which is a ‘hard
core’ theory that determines the shape and identity of the programme.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> 4. Thomas Kuhn <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922–1996) is one of the most influential
philosophers of science of the twentieth century, perhaps the most influential.
His 1962 book ‘The Structure of Scientific Revolutions’ is one of the most
cited academic books of all time. Kuhn’s contribution to the philosophy of
science marked not only a break with several key positivist doctrines but also
inaugurated a new style of philosophy of science that brought it closer to the
history of science. His account of the development of science held that science
enjoys periods of stable growth punctuated by revisionary revolutions. To this
thesis, Kuhn added the controversial ‘incommensurability thesis’, that theories
from differing periods suffer from certain deep kinds of failure of
comparability.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kuhn main contribution in the field of philosophy of science is his
concept of <i>‘Paradigm and Paradigm shift.</i> Paradigm according to Kuhn is
an “universally recognized scientific achievement that for a time provide model
problems and solutions to a community of practitioners”. He explains Paradigm
and Paradigm shift in terms of Normal science and Revolutionary science. According
to Kuhn, normal science means, research firmly based upon one or more past
scientific development and achievements which were put into science textbooks for school and universities to learn about science. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5. Paul Fayerabend</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Paul Fayerabend (1924-1994) was an Austrian-born philosopher of
science. He was a professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley
for three decades from 1958-1989. He was one of the twentieth century's most
famous philosophers of science. He was known for his critique of Karl Popper’s “critical
rationalism”. He became a critic of philosophy of science itself, particularly of
“rationalist” attempts to lay down or discover rules of the scientific method. His
landmark book, Against Method (1978) coined the phrase epistemology anarchy,
which holds that there are no useful and exception-free methodological rules
governing the progress of science or the growth of knowledge. It holds the idea
that science can or should operate according to universal and fixed rules in
unrealistic, destructive, and detrimental to science itself.<o:p></o:p></span></p>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-19657016416667761352021-07-17T00:05:00.010-07:002021-07-17T00:05:41.669-07:00Examination of the Atheists’ use of Science against faith: Scientism as a Worldview<p> <b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; letter-spacing: 2.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Examination of the Atheists’ use of Science against
faith: Scientism as a Worldview.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">David Mills,
Atheist Universe: The Thinking Person’s Answer to Christian Fundamentalism.
Ulysses Press, 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><a href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/n-athxxx/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">https://www.iep.utm.edu/n-athxxx</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Scientism is the view that the hard
sciences—like chemistry, biology, physics, astronomy—provide the only genuine
knowledge of reality. At the very least, this scientific knowledge is vastly
superior to what we can know from any other discipline. Ethics and religion may
be acceptable, but only if they are understood to be inherently subjective and
regarded as private matters of opinion. According to scientism, the claim that
ethical and religious conclusions can be just as factual as science, and
therefore ought to be affirmed like scientific truths, maybe a sign of bigotry
and intolerance.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">According to Duke University Philosophy
Professor Alex Rosenberg, scientism is the worldview that all atheists share.
It “is the conviction that the methods of science are the only reliable ways to
secure knowledge of anything, that . . . science provides all the significant
truths about reality. . . . Being scientific just means treating science as our
exclusive guide to reality”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">In early twenty-first century a prominent book on atheism became
very prominent. These authors include Sam Harris, Richard Dawkins, Daniel
Dennett, and Christopher Hitchens. In The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins states
that faith is blind trust without evidence and even against the evidence. He
follows up in The God Delusion with the claim that faith is evil because it
does not require justification and does not tolerate argument. Harris’s
articulation of the nature of faith is closer to Dawkins’ earlier view. He says
that religious faith is an unjustified belief in matters of ultimate concern. According to Harris, faith is the permission
religious people give one another to believe things strongly without evidence.
Hitchens says that religious faith is ultimately grounded in wishful thinking.
For his part, Dennett implies that belief in God cannot be reasonable because
the concept of God is too radically indeterminate for the sentence “God exists”
to express a genuine proposition. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Atheists subscribe to some version or other of scientism as their
criterion for rational belief. According
to scientism, empirical science is the only source of our knowledge of the
world (strong scientism) or, more moderately, the best source of rational
belief about the way things are (weak scientism). Harris and Dawkins are quite
explicit about this. Harris equates a genuinely rational approach to spiritual
and ethical questions with a scientific approach to these sorts of questions.
Dawkins insists that the presence or absence of a creative super-intelligence
is a scientific question. The Atheists also affirm evidentialism, the claim
that a belief can be epistemically justified only if it is based on adequate
evidence. The conjunction of scientism and evidentialism entails that a belief
can be justified only if it is based on adequate scientific evidence. The New
Atheists’ conclusion that belief in God is unjustified follows, then, from
their addition of the claim that there is inadequate scientific evidence for
God’s existence (and even adequate scientific evidence for God’s
non-existence). Dawkins argues that the
“God Hypothesis” is the claim that there exists a superhuman, supernatural
intelligence who deliberately designed and created the universe is “founded on
local traditions of private revelation rather than evidence”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">For the Atheists, the world of science and religion is black and
white. They regard it conflicting and antagonistic. They tend to speak about
“the Church” and “Christianity” as if they are fixed, homogeneous entities,
whereas they allow “science” to change and modernize over time. This makes it
very easy for them to say that science, which in their view is fully up to
date, necessarily conflicts with religion, which in their view is stuck
hopelessly in the past. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dialogical between Scientist and Atheist</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Scientists are not necessarily atheists. According to a 2009 Pew
poll, 59% of scientists believe there is a God or higher power. In other words,
the majority of scientists are not atheists. This makes sense because there is
nothing fundamental in science that would require a good scientist to turn away
all religion. Science and religion deal with entirely different facets of
existence. Science is not an alternative to religion, because it is not a
religion at all. Science is not a particular tradition spelled out by a handful
of geniuses. In fact, there is no such thing as one, golden-standard Scientific
Method. Rather, science is an umbrella term that encompasses all physical
truths that are arrived at through repeated observations and through the
application of models that successfully predict observations. Science is
confined strictly to the observable world, and therefore has nothing to say
about any non-observable realm. A scientist that claims that science proves God
does not exist is simply a poor scientist. Such a scientist has turned science
into his own personal religion. Honest and logically consistent scientists may
privately lean towards atheism or towards religion, but they know that science
itself is agnostic. Scientists are free to be atheists in good faith, but that
is just their personal faith and is not supported by science. Claiming that a
strictly observation-based methodology such as science has anything to say
about physically unobservable realms is simply illogical. Religion deals mainly
with the field of physically unobservable entities: good, evil, love, hate,
holiness, sin, spirit, heaven, and God. While the spiritual realm is beyond
physical observation, most religions believe that it is still accessible to the
human experience through non-physical senses which are given names such as
enlightenment, the soul, the inner spirit, the mind's eye, inspiration,
consciousness, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Remarks on Scientism and Science against Faith</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The weakness of scientism can be seen in the debate between
evolution and creationism. Neither evolution nor creationism can be proved via
controlled laboratory experiments using well-defined principles of the
scientific method; therefore, how can one reject either one out of hand simply
through the application of fundamental beliefs? Scientism relies upon
untestable assumptions yet still draw conclusions that its adherents feel are
favorable, and Christians draw conclusions using observations of life,
behavior, and even thought patterns influenced by the Holy Spirit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">We as human beings have moral and religious beliefs. Just as
scientism sees fit to define itself with knowledge from outside the scientific
realm, those who are not adherents of scientism inform their beliefs with
knowledge from outside the scientific realm, viz., from religion and
philosophy. And there is much in life that cannot be measured, quantified, or
defined scientifically—everyday issues concerning trust, love, and
relationships, for example, are beyond the realm of science. As C. S. Lewis
wrote, “To be incommunicable by Scientific language is, so far as I can judge,
the normal state of experience”.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">At the end of the day, scientism, with its over-valuation of
science, is a religion, just as Christianity is a religion. One offers hope for
the future and eternal life. The other does not. When the Book of Life spoken
of in Revelation 20:12 is opened, you will want your name to be found there,
with the names of all the others who have trusted Jesus Christ. It is Jesus who
saves, not our understanding of science.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-64505286183084467382021-07-17T00:03:00.008-07:002021-07-17T00:03:50.474-07:00 Intelligent Design<p> <b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; letter-spacing: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Intelligent Design</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Del Retzch. Science and it's limit: The Natural Sciences in
Christian perspective. Illinois: IVP Academic, 2000.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">David Mills, Atheist Universe: The Thinking Person’s Answer to
Christian Fundamentalism. Ulysses Press, 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ralte, Rodinmawia. The Interface of Science and Religion: An
Introductory Study. New Delhi: Christian World Imprints, 2017.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Intelligent design, according to which all organisms were created
by the design of some higher intelligence (God). Intelligent design is a belief
or theory that the complex structures of life cannot be explained by natural
selection and random mutation as suggested by Darwin but must be explained by some
force of willful design. The inner working of the cell its complexity requires
a creative intelligent force to have set them in motion. Nature, as most saw
it, was deliberately planned, directed, or designed. From that perspective,
reasons, ideas, plans, thoughts, patterns, and design would all factor into the
causal history, structure, and function of things, and thus any adequate
scientific account of nature would have to involve reference to those factors.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Intelligent Design was based on <b>William Paley’s</b> work-Natural
Theology (1802) where he argued that the intricate and delicate structure and
workings of the watch show that it has been designed by a creative and
intelligent watchmaker. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The idea that science can uncover evidence of deliberate design in
the cosmos, and especially the idea that supernatural design can figure in
truly scientific accounts of natural phenomena, subsequently fell on hard
times.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Design: Concept Basics<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<b> </b><i>Artifacts</i>.
Activities of human agents typically leave visible traces on the world—traces
we are generally able to recognize as resulting from human activity. we
recognize that humans had a hand in that machine’s coming into existence. That
recognition is based in part upon our knowing some things about nature’s
capabilities and our recognition that nature unaided by agent activity would
not or could not have produced any such phenomenon. Things that unaided nature
could not or would not produce and in whose production finite agents (humans,
aliens, whatever) played some role we classify as artifacts. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> 2. Design</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. A design is an intentionally produced (or exemplified) pattern,
where a pattern is an abstract structure that resonates, matches or meshes in
certain ways with mind, with cognition. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> 3. <i>Agent activity. </i>Since
design involves the <i>deliberate </i>production of pattern, there is always
agent activity somewhere in its history. There would have to be a direct agent
activity <i>somewhere</i>, but in this case, it would be directed toward the
making of the machine itself—or the machine that made the machine (or perhaps
even further back).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> 4. <i>Gaps. </i>Whenever
humans, aliens, or other finite beings act to produce artifacts (or design),
marks of that activity—counter flow marks— are left on the world somewhere or
other. Gap-based inferences are foundational to our identification of artifacts
as products of agent activity and in the case of human and alien activity are
unproblematically legitimate.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Recognizing Finite Designedness<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt;">Our recognition of finite designedness (design by finite agents)
typically begins with a recognition of artifactuality, itself in turn-based
upon recognition of counterflow marks. Sometimes those marks are visible in
the end product.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt;">Of course, there is no guarantee that we can always identify
design, always recognize designedness or always recognize artifactuality and
counterflow. It is possible that we might confront cases where we were unable
to tell whether we were dealing with a genuine artifact or some unusual natural
phenomenon.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Supernatural
Design<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The general conceptual structure outlined above would apply fairly
well to some instances of design produced by supernatural agents as well. It is
in principle possible for a supernatural being to bring about virtually any
artifact that we humans (or aliens) can.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Intelligent design (ID) movement exhibits a fair amount of
diversity, but the center of gravity of the group is a rejection of
methodological naturalism, at least as any sort of norm.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Intelligent Design (or ID) movement was reinvigorated and began
aggressively exercising its new political muscle, striving to bulldoze ID
textbooks into public school classrooms. ID teaches that our universe and the
life within it are too complex to have arisen without the guiding force of an
Intelligent Designer. Although Creation science likewise believed that God was
necessary to explain Nature's complexity, ID distinguishes itself from Creation
science in one surprising and controversial way: Creation science taught that
the Bible was literally true—both Old and New Testaments—whereas ID does not
accept the literal truth of the entire Bible. Leaders of the current ID
movement do seem to wholeheartedly embrace the New Testament, believing that
Jesus literally walked on water, literally filled pigs with demons, literally
cast a magic spell on a fig tree, literally rose from the dead, etc. But the
voluminous writings of the preachers of ID leave no doubt that they do not
believe the Old Testament in the same literal sense, if at all. ID openly
accepts contemporary Big Bang cosmology, which, when discussed honestly, bears
no similarity whatever to the six-day Creation Story of Adam and Eve in the
Book of Genesis. By traditional Christian canon, therefore, the ID movement is
a cult, because ID rejects historically accepted Bible teachings and
interpretations. Instead, ID preaches modernistic revisionism, contrary to the
doctrines of conventional, Bible-based Christianity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Remarks on Intelligent Design<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Intelligent Design doesn't attempt to recognize the wellspring of
insight (regardless of whether it be God or UFOs or something different), by
far most Intelligent Design scholars are theists. They see the appearance of
design as the natural world as proof of the presence of God. There are,
notwithstanding, a couple of nonbelievers who can't deny the solid proof for
configuration yet are not able to recognize a Creator God. They will in general
decipher the information as proof that earth was cultivated by a type of expert
race of extraterrestrial animals (outsiders). Obviously, their understanding
doesn't address the beginning of the outsiders, either, so they are back to the
first contention with no dependable answer. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Design Theory isn't in every case precisely equivalent to Biblical
Creationism. There are different translations of what Intelligent Design
alludes to. Scriptural creationists reason that the Genesis record of creation
is dependable and right, thus life on Earth was planned by a clever specialist:
God. They consider the to be of Intelligent Design as proof from the normal
domain that upholds this end. Other Intelligent Design scholars start with the
regular domain and arrive at the resolution that life on Earth was planned by
an astute specialist, without indicating who that specialist may be. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">All by itself, Intelligent Design doesn't determine who the
Designer or fashioners really are. Accordingly, Intelligent Design is viable
with scriptural creationism, however, it's anything but an intrinsically strict
position.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">From the lens of Christian Apologetics<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A major theme in the history of Christian apologetics has been the
“argument from purpose and design,” also known as the “teleological argument.”
When one looks at the unique properties of matter and the earth that allow the
existence of human life, the marvels of animal and human physiology, and the
many examples in the plant and animal world where the existence of one species is
totally dependent upon the interactive existence of another, one is struck by
the amount of evidence that can be interpreted as indicating that all of this
has been designed by a Great Designer. Many of these arguments in recent years
have been stated under the title of “the Anthropic Principle”, which summarizes many
of the nuclear, atomic, and gravitational phenomena that appear to be
“fine-tuned” to allow the development and/or existence of intelligent life
based on carbon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">All such evidence from phenomena in the natural world for the
existence of a Great Designer is powerfully consistent for the person who has
a personal relationship with God the Creator and Sustainer. The Christian
scientist repeatedly marvels at the evidence he sees for the results of God’s design
in the properties and development of the universe.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Some Christian apologists have concluded that a science-based on
methodological naturalism is inextricably linked to a world-view of naturalism,
and that therefore we must rescue ourselves from this situation by introducing
the concept of intelligent design as a mechanism in scientific descriptions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">There is no objection to using the concept of intelligent design as
a guide in helping to suggest how to construct suitable models of physical the reality, provided that these models are capable of being subjected to test and
description in natural categories before they are accepted as scientific.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Intelligent design for the Christian is a general
concept underlying all descriptions, scientific and nonscientific, affirming
the creative and sustaining activity of God.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> But
if the concept of intelligent design is advanced as a substitute for natural
categories of description, limiting the specific instances being considered to
acts of God’s “intervention” in the “gaps” in our understanding, and considering
intelligent design itself as a valid scientific description, critical harm is
done to our concepts of the relationship between scientific descriptions and
God’s continuing activity in creating and sustaining.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">There is the frequent temptation to consider that we can
meaningfully decide what God has done and does do, directly on the basis of our
understanding of who God is and what God could do. The history of science and
Christianity supplies many examples, both in the construction of models of the physical
world and in biblical interpretation, where the decision about what God has
done has been made incorrectly on the basis of what our presumed knowledge of
God would lead us to believe that he has the ability to do. If, in the case of
evolution, for example, we wish to answer the question, “How did God achieve
his designs in biological development?” we must turn to investigate what it is that
God has indeed done, and what form his activity has taken in the actual working
out of his creative will. Otherwise we are subject to such classic errors as
arguing that the shape of the planets’ orbits must be circular because the
circle is God’s perfect shape, or to arguing that sin must be an illusion
because God has made us and God is good. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Second</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, there is the
whole area of interaction between such concepts as “natural law” and “God’s
intervention” in the world. Many writers speak of “natural law” as though
“laws” were self existing elements that God called into existence to rule the
physical world. Within the area of science, “natural laws” are human
descriptions of God’s regular creative and sustaining activity. Laws do not
cause anything to happen; they are descriptive, not prescriptive.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">For God to act in a way different from this regular creative and
sustaining activity—as, for example, in the doing of a “miracle”—he does not
have to “break his laws,” “set aside his laws,” or “intervene in his laws” to
accomplish his purpose. Just as we can understand the ordinary “laws” of nature
as our descriptions of God’s regular activity, so we can understand a “miracle”
as our description of God’s special activity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Third</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, there is the
concept of “soul” and its implications for reflections on creation and
evolution. There is a growing awareness of the difference between the basic biblical concept of soul as “living self,” a concept increasingly supported by
growing knowledge of the human being, describing a set of properties of the whole human being, and the “immortal soul,” a concept of classical dualistic
models of human nature, which has often been used as an argument against the “natural”
theory of evolution. It appears to be much more appropriate, both
scientifically and theologically, to think of the soul as describing what a
person “is,” rather than what a person “has.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-68882497845307755442021-07-16T23:58:00.006-07:002021-07-16T23:59:19.238-07:00 The Problem with Biblical Literalism: Varieties of Creationism, Old Earth Creationism, Young Earth Creationism.<p> <b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Problem with Biblical
Literalism: Varieties of Creationism, Old Earth Creationism, Young Earth
Creationism.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">McGrath, Alister E.<b> </b></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Science
& Religion: An Introduction. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2010</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Young, Donald B.De. </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Thousands
not Billions: Challenging an Icon of Evolution, Questioning the Age of the
Earth. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Green
Forest: New Leaf Publishing Group, Inc</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2005</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Moreland, James Porter and John Mark Reynolds</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.<i> Three Views on Creation and
Evolution. </i>Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2010.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The idea that
the world is created is of fundamental importance to many religions, especially
Christianity and Judaism. It is important to draw a distinction between
“creation” and “creationism,” as these two are often confused, especially in
popular debates and media presentations. A belief in creation is found in all
major religions. Within Christianity, this can be stated in terms of a general
belief that God brings everything into being and sustains it. The British
writer John Polkinghorne explains creation as a belief “that the mind and the
purpose of a divine Creator lie behind the fruitful history and remarkable
order of the universe which science explores.” It is thus an ontological, not a
chronological, doctrine – in other words, it is concerned with affirming the
ultimate dependence of everything upon God, not with providing a detailed
account of the mechanisms and timeframes of the origins and development of the
universe. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The important
point is that the term “creation” is open to multiple interpretations, some of
which embrace and others of which exclude biological evolution. The movement
which is widely known as “creationism” adds specific <i>timescales</i> and <i>processes</i>
to a general belief in creation. where most Christians regard them as secondary
to the more general belief that all things ultimately owe their origins to God.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Young earth creationism (YEC)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">is the belief that God directly
created the universe in six literal days and that the earth is relatively
young. Young Earth creationists usually place the age of the earth at 6,000
years (10,000 years being an upper limit). Other points held by young Earth
creationists include the occurrence of a global flood during Noah’s day, God’s
creation of the world with apparent age, and (often) the existence of a single
continent before the flood. Young earth creationism is more biblical.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Young earth
creationists often call themselves biblical creationists because their position
takes a direct, literal interpretation of the early chapters of Genesis. Young
earth creationism views Genesis as a historical record of what actually
happened, not an allegory or metaphor. Young earth creationism interprets the
words day, evening, and morning without symbolism, as plain terms meant to be
understood literally. Young earth creationism keeps the creation of the plants,
sun, and animals in the biblical sequence, whereas old earth creationism
usually rearranges the order listed in Genesis. Young Earth creationists
believe that when Romans 5:12 says “sin entered the world through one man, and
death through sin,” it is saying that death did not exist prior to Adam, while
old earth creationists believe that Romans 5:12 only refers to human death and
insist that a lot of dying happened (billions of years’ worth) before Adam
appeared.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Young Earth Creationism</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, for example,
argues that a general belief in creation must be supplemented by an additional a specific belief that creation occurred by specific, non-natural divine events
over a period of six “days” roughly 6,000 years ago, rather than by God’s
creative actions through the natural processes of stellar, chemical, and
biological evolution.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The idea that
the world was created is one of the most widely encountered and basic religious
ideas, and finds expression in the various religions of the world. The dominant
form of the doctrine of creation is that associated with Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Both old earth
creationism and Young Earth creationism seek to solve the apparent conflict
between science and the Bible in regard to the age of the earth. What is the
apparent conflict? If the book of Genesis is interpreted strictly literally, it
seems to indicate that the earth and the universe are around 6,000 years old.
In contrast, various scientific dating methods place the age of the earth at around 4.5 billion years and the age of the universe around 14.6 billion years.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Neither old
earth creationism nor young earth creationism teaches that the Bible is wrong.
Generally speaking, both old earth and young earth creationists believe in the
inspiration, inerrancy, and authority of God’s Word. What differs between these
approaches is one’s view on what the Bible is, in fact, saying. It’s a matter
of interpretation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Old Earth Creationists</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> sometimes
called ‘progressive creationism”says that the earth is about 4.5 billion years
old, based on the geologic timescale, carbon dating, and other common dating
methods. Variations of old earth creationism include progressive creationism,
the day-age theory, the gap theory, and theistic evolution. It believe a
strictly literal approach is not the correct way to interpret the early
chapters of Genesis. They view Genesis 1–2 as being primarily symbolic and/or
poetic. Young Earth creationists interpret Genesis 1–2 as a literal, historical
account of how God created the universe. Young Earth creationists question why,
if the rest of Genesis is historical, should the first two chapters be
interpreted differently? Old earth creationists question why, if the Bible uses
symbolism in many other books, can’t metaphor be used in Genesis?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The third view
on Creationism is <b><span style="color: red;">Fully Gifted Creation.</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">According to
this view, evolutionary creation (also called theistic evolution), natural
evolution was God's method of creation, with the universe designed so physical
structures (galaxies, stars, planets) and complex biological organisms
(bacteria, fish, dinosaurs, humans) would naturally evolve. This view is described by Van Till.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The creation
was gifted from the outset with functional integrity — a wholeness of being
that eliminated the need for gap-bridging interventions to compensate for
formational capabilities that the Creator may have initially withheld from
it" so it is "accurately described by the Robust Formational Economy
Principle — an affirmation that the creation was fully equipped by God with all
of the resources, potentialities, and formational capabilities that would be
needed for the creaturely system to actualize every type of physical structure
and every form of living organism that has appeared in the course of time.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The theme of
“God as creator” is of major importance within the Old Testament. Perhaps one
of the most significant affirmations which the Old Testament makes is that <i>nature
is not divine</i>. The Genesis creation account stresses that God created the
moon, sun, and stars. The significance of this point is too easily overlooked.
Each of these celestial entities was worshiped as divine in the ancient world.
By asserting that they were created by God, the Old Testament is insisting that
they are subordinate to God, and have no intrinsic divine nature.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Remarks on Creationism <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">It would be
unthinkable for any Christian not to confess, “I believe in creation.”The
worldview summarized in the biblical doctrine of creation is one of the most
fundamental sets of doctrines revealed to us by God. It reveals to us that the
God who loves us is also the God who created us and all things, and establishes
the identity between the God of religious faith and the God of physical
reality. Our belief in creation underlies our trust in the reality of a
physical and moral structure to the universe, which we can explore as
scientists and experience as persons. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Our belief in
creation enables us to see that the universe and everything in it depends
moment by moment upon the sustaining power and activity of God. Our belief in
creation provides the foundation for our faith that we are not the end-products
of meaningless processes in an impersonal universe, but men and women made in
the image of a personal God. Our belief in “creation out of nothing” affirms
that God created the universe freely and separately, and rejects the
alternatives of dualism and pantheism. To worship God as Creator is to
emphasize both his transcendence over the natural order and his imminence in
the natural order. It is to recognize that his mode of existence as Creator is
completely other than our mode of existence as created. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">To appreciate
God as Creator is to recognize that the creation is intrinsically good, and
that sin and evil do not arise ultimately from properties of that creation such
as finitude and temporality. The rationale for scientific investigation, the
assurance of ultimate personal meaning in life, and the nature of evil as an
aberration on a good creation are al intrinsic to such an appreciation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">When it is
implied that creation and evolution are necessarily mutually exclusive, or when
the word “creation” is used as if it were primarily a scientific mechanism for
origins, a profound confusion of categories is involved.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The key to much
of the evolution controversy lies in the recognition of the necessity and propriety
of descriptions of the same phenomena on different levels of reality.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">How tragic it
often is when Christians, seeking to avoid the errors of philosophical evolutionism,
promulgate the falsehood that the efficacy of faith in the atonement of Christ effectively
depends upon the dogmatic acceptance of creationism and the dogmatic rejection
of any evolutionary processes as descriptions of God’s activity in establishing
creation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-58186149224364973342021-07-16T23:56:00.004-07:002021-07-16T23:56:22.667-07:00Examination of the effects of Enlightenment induced skepticism from within Theological Scholarship.<p><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Examination of the effects of Enlightenment induced
skepticism from within Theological Scholarship.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">McGrath, Alister E.<b> </b>Science
& Religion: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2010. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Barbour, Ian G. Science and
Religion: Historical and Contemporary Issues. Harper Collins, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The
Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was a philosophical movement
that took place primarily in Europe and, later, in North America, during the
late 17<sup>th</sup> and early 18<sup>th</sup> century. Its participants
thought they were illuminating human intellect and culture after the
"dark" Middle Ages. Characteristics of the Enlightenment include the
rise of concepts such as reason, liberty, and the scientific method. Enlightenment
philosophy was skeptical of religion — especially the powerful Catholic Church
— monarchies and hereditary aristocracy. Enlightenment philosophy was
influential in ushering in the French and American revolutions and
constitutions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Enlightenment
rationalism is often considered to be the final flowering of the bud of English
Deism. For our purposes, however, it is especially important to note the
obvious consonance between Deism and the Newtonian worldview.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rather than
being content with blind faith, Enlightenment thinkers wanted proof that
something was true. They tested popular notions with scientifically controlled
experiments and personal experience, though skepticism of one's own senses was
another factor in Enlightenment thought, and caused complicated philosophical
conundrums, according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Enlightenment
intellectuals were skeptical of the divine right of kings and monarchies in
general, scientific claims about the natural world, the nature of reality and
religious doctrine. "Theologians sought to reform their faith during the
Enlightenment while maintaining a true faith in God," said Abernethy. The
deist movement became popular during the Enlightenment. Deism holds that God
exists but does not intervene on Earth. The universe proceeds according to
natural, scientifically based laws. Several of America's Founding Fathers were
deists, including Thomas Jefferson.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The
Enlightenment set a new direction in the waning of deism. The waning of deism can be attributed primarily to its own inherent weaknesses. The Cosmic
Designer, who started the world machine and left it to run on its own, seemed
impersonal and remote—not a God who cares for individuals and is actively
related to human life or a Being to whom prayer would be appropriate. It is not
surprising that such a do-nothing God, irrelevant to daily life, became a
hypothesis for the origin of the world or a verbal formula that before long
could be dispensed with completely. In deism, God was a rational inference from
the impersonal structures of nature, unrelated to personal experience. The
arguments of natural theology did not move people to the kind of commitment and
personal involvement that an active religious life requires. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The deists also
attacked the institutional church; traditional Christianity was pictured as the
enemy of the religion of reason. Miracles were rejected as primitive
superstitions, and instances of cruelty and immorality in the biblical record
were cited. Any creed, dogma, or ritual was suspect as out of keeping with new
temper. Explorers and scholars were becoming more familiar with other world
religions, and many of them accepted a cultural relativism that rejected
exclusive claims for any one religious tradition. In England the attacks on
traditional beliefs were moderate and restrained; in France they were often vehement
and bitter, provoked by the church’s unbending orthodoxy and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">repressive
measures. Voltaire applied his wit to the ridicule of Christianity, though to
his death he remained a deist. In America, Thomas Paine’s Age of Reason found
contradictions in the Bible and celebrated the victory of reason over
superstition but defended the idea of God and the moral law. Jefferson, Franklin,
and others among the “founding fathers” defended more moderate versions of
deism.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The
“enlightened” of the first generation supported both natural and revealed religion;
those of the second adhered to natural religion but rejected revelation. By the
third generation, there were skeptical voices calling for the rejection of all forms
of religion. Baron d’Holbach denied God, freedom, and immortality and proclaimed
that matter is self-existent. Nature alone is worthy of worship: “O Nature!
Sovereign of all beings! And you, her adorable daughters, virtue, reason, and
truth! Be ever our only Divinities.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">It was expected
that humanity would rise to unprecedented heights and all evils would vanish if
individuals and societies would follow the principles of reason. Far from being
an age of <b><span style="color: red;">skepticism</span></b>, this was an age of
great faith—in human capacities. Nature, God, and humanity were all approached
in the same rationalistic spirit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The dangers of Absolutism
can be avoided if revelation is not identified with infallible scriptures,
revealed doctrines, or authoritative institutions. If revelation occurs through
the lives of persons, the human character of theology and the human<br />
failings of the church can be acknowledged.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The effects of
enlightenment induced skepticism from within theological scholarship. Some
scholars started arguing that nature has its own factors to determine its
nature out of God's sovereignty rule. It exerts this influence through its
skeptical questioning of religious, metaphysical, and scientific dogmas. The
Enlightenment begins by unleashing skepticism in attacking limited,
circumscribed targets, but once the skeptical genie is out of the bottle, it
becomes difficult to maintain conviction in any authority in terms of
theological scholarship. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Our Theological Scholarship should never be shaken nor compromise with skepticism ideology.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-72258138838322776652021-07-16T23:53:00.002-07:002021-07-16T23:53:21.458-07:00 Nature of Religion & Dialogue Between Science and Religion<p> <b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; letter-spacing: 5.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nature
of Religion & Dialogue Between Science and Religion</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; letter-spacing: 5.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dennett, Daniel C.. Breaking the
Spells: Religion as a Natural phenomenon. New York: Penguin Books. 2006. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Barbour, Ian. Religion and Science; Historical And Contemporary Issues.
Cambridge: HarperCollins, 2007.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">McGrath, Alister. Science and
Religion; An introduction. Oxford: Blackwell publishing, 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Religion
is a way of life for its members. Every religious community has its distinctive
forms of individual experience, communal ritual, and ethical concerns. Above
all, religion aims at the transformation of personal life, particularly by
liberation from self-centeredness through a commitment to a more inclusive center
of devotion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dennett
define religion as ‘<i>social systems whose
participants avow belief in a supernatural agent or agents whose approval is to
be sought’</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; letter-spacing: 5.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dialogue between Science and Religion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Religion and science are two of the most powerful cultural and
intellectual forces in today’s world. Science now seems to be opening up
religious questions, rather than closing them down, or declaring them to be
meaningless. It is increasingly being recognized that natural science can
“throw up questions that point beyond itself and transcend its power to answer”
(Polkhinghorne). The dialogue between science and religion sets out to ask
whether, in what ways, and to what extents, these two conversation partners
might learn from each other. Given the cultural importance of both science and
religion, the exploration of how they relate to each other has the potential
for both conflict and enrichment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Three
reasons are often given for this judgment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(i) Neither science nor religion can claim to
give a total account of reality. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Science and religion are perhaps better thought of as operating at
different levels, often reflecting on similar questions, yet answering them in
different ways. The science and religion dialogue allows us to appreciate the
distinct identities, strengths, and limits of each conversation partner. It
also offers us a deeper understanding of things than either religion or science
could offer unaided.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(ii) Both science and religion are concerned about
making sense of things.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perhaps most importantly, science tends to ask “how” questions,
where religion asks “why.” Science seeks to clarify mechanisms; religions offer meaning. These approaches do not need to be seen as being in competition, or as
being mutually incompatible. They operate at different levels.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(iii) In recent years there
has been a significant increase in awareness within the scientific community of
the broader issues raised by its research, and limits placed upon that
community’s ability to answer them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Historical
Survey of Science and Religion Dialogue<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Science
as a discipline of learning came to us in the middle sixteenth century with
the works of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and of course with Newton. The new
development is known as ‘modern Science’ which bring the scientific revolution. The
word ‘science’ was used only since the eighteenth century when it replaced the
term ‘natural philosophy’. Till the middle of the sixteenth century, there is no
antagonism, perhaps, the conflict between science and religion because of no
proper distinction between science, philosophy, and religion during that time.
In fact, during those times, the Scientist were philosophers, theologians, and
clergy by themselves. Till the sixteenth century, in the Western world science
was under the control of the Church. The Church dictated what to write, read
and believe and under such conditions, there could be no viable conflict between
science and religion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">With
the publication of Copernicus’s <i>‘De Revolutionibus’</i> in 1543 the
atmosphere set to turn in a new direction. With Copernicus, our Universe was
inverted, the earth no longer at the center. With Newton, the living universe
became an unthinking machine whose fully predictable, deterministic, clock-work
regularity seemed to leave no room for us to act, let alone for God. The ‘age
of reason' replaced the authority of revelation and the Church as a surer guide to
knowledge and behavior. By the nineteenth century, the age of the earth had been multiplied from mere thousands of years to millions of years. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The intricacies
of organic life, which had once seemed the product of a loving God, were being
explained the opposite by Darwin as the product of natural selection and by
‘blind chance’. The real conflict between Religion and Science begun
indisputably. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Relativity
Theory, Quantum Mechanics, big Bang Cosmology, Chaos and Complexity, Human
Genetic Engineering, etc are challenging even tearing down, the rigid and
simplistic. The discoveries of Einstein, Heisenberg, Hubble, Hawkings, etc
point towards a nature more open, subtle, numinous, interconnected than we have
known for centuries. In and through the work of philosophers of science, such
as, Popper, Kuhn, Polanyi, Holton, Fearabend, Lakatos, etc we came to know that
scientific knowledge, scientific theories, and discoveries are subject to their
socio-cultural and religious context.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">These
scientist-philosophers help us to witness the fading out of the negative the distinction between science and religion- that science is objective, universal,
rational, and based on solid observation evidence whereas religion is
subjective, parochial, emotional, and based on faith. This new discovery opens
wide a door for science and religion dialogue. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Please
read <span style="color: red;">‘How to relate Science and Religion: Ian Barbour
four Models, Ted Peter, Michael Stenmark’.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-14301360899408605702021-07-13T08:49:00.007-07:002021-07-23T05:51:11.814-07:00 PORNOGRAPHY-I Understanding Pornography and Its Statistics<p> <b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 21pt; letter-spacing: 5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 24.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PORNOGRAPHY-I</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2.15pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 21pt; letter-spacing: 5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 24.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2.15pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 19pt; letter-spacing: 3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Understanding Pornography and Its Statistics<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2.15pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 19pt; letter-spacing: 5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2.15pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 19pt; letter-spacing: 5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Introduction <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.35pt;"></p><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Studies have shown that the most searched on </span><span style="font-size: 18pt;">the internet is related to pornography.</span></div></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.35pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2usL2lwy5lc/YO200osGzBI/AAAAAAAAFeU/-w1gOtDRbQ4VrFmjF_VhmwoZiMtCaK-GwCLcBGAsYHQ/s690/pornography-large.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="690" height="293" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2usL2lwy5lc/YO200osGzBI/AAAAAAAAFeU/-w1gOtDRbQ4VrFmjF_VhmwoZiMtCaK-GwCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h293/pornography-large.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Pornography is rampant in the world
today. The seductive imagery of internet pornography is highly addictive. Many
men and women have been caught in the snare of internet porn and find
themselves helplessly addicted to its visual stimulation. Perhaps, Satan has
succeeded in twisting and perverting sex through pornography. Pornography
becomes one of the most important ethical issues today. </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 18pt;">We will look into the
detail of Pornography with Christian ethical response</span><span style="font-size: 18pt;">. To get a
bigger picture of our topic, we will segregate our studies into a different section: </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Part-I Understanding Pornography and Statistics; </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Part-II Various Religious Response and Its Effect; </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Part-III Christian Response- Ethical, Biblical, Theological, </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">In the last phase of our writings, we will bring more insights from Christian
Ethical Perspective.</span></div><o:p></o:p></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">I beseech you to kindly read all the
Sections, which will be uploaded one after another. To keep in touch with
instagos.blogspot.com please visit the Facebook page: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Instagos-Instant-Knowledge-Logos-108440951513279">https://www.facebook.com/Instagos-Instant-Knowledge-Logos-108440951513279</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0in 0in 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 19pt; letter-spacing: 3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Overview of Pornography<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Meaning of Pornography<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">The word “<i>pornography</i>” comes
from the Greek term ‘<i>pornographos’</i>. Pornographos is a compound word
made of <i>porni</i> (“prostitute”) and <i>graphein</i> (“to write”) which
means “writing about prostitutes.” The term is dated around AD 1864.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Pornography refers to writings or movies on all kinds of sexual activities
outside the bonds of marriage. The term “porn” refers to “indecent sexual
stuff” which primarily includes “pictures.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Oxford Advanced</span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> Genie defines pornography as </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">“</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">books, videos, etc., that describe
or show naked people and sexual acts in order to make people feel
sexually excited, especially in a way that many other people find offensive.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">”</span></i><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></i></span></a><i><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">According to Encyclopedia
Britannica</span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">, <i>“… pornography is the representation of
erotic behavior in books, pictures, statues, motion pictures, etc., that is
intended to cause sexual excitement. It was originally defined as any
work of art or literature depicting the life of prostitutes.”</i><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">However, we need to remember that
something sexually explicit may not necessarily be pornographic. Various
forms of art and literature would be impoverished by a definition such as
that. In addition, not everything, which creates sexual arousal, can
necessarily be pornographic. That would be to include an amazing range of
everyday things by which most persons are not at all aroused, while for
some they prove to be very stimulating. To be sure, it is not that the material
content of pornography is sexual that is objectionable; rather, it is the
manner in which pornography treats sexual matters that makes it
unacceptable and discardable. Thus the </span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lord Longford</span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> definition, <i>“Pornography is that which exploits and
dehumanizes sex so that human beings are treated as things and women in
particular as sex objects.”</i> <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 21pt; letter-spacing: 5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 24.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Statistics<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 21pt; letter-spacing: 5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 24.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">According to </span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nicholas Kristof</span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">, Columnist of the New York Times
states that </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">“</span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Pornhub is one of the most viewed porn sites; </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">‘</span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">wholesome Pornhub</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">’</span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> attracts 3.5 billion visits a
month, more than Netflix, Yahoo or Amazon. Pornhub rakes in money from almost
three billion ad impressions a day. One ranking lists Pornhub as the
10th-most-visited website in the world.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 20pt; letter-spacing: 5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">General Pornography Statistics </span></b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 20pt; letter-spacing: 5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 2.15pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Here are some statistics on adult interaction with
pornography: </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 55.35pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Men admitting to
accessing porn at work: 20% </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 55.35pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">US adults who regularly visit Internet pornography websites: 40
million </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 55.35pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Christians who said pornography is a major problem in the home:
47% </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 55.35pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">d)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Adults admitting to Internet sexual addiction: 10% </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2.3pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">These statistics clearly show that many people are using
pornography.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> The statistics below is captivated, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 55.35pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Every second 28,258 users are watching pornography on the
internet </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 55.35pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Every second $3,075.64 is being spent on pornography on the
internet </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 55.35pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Every second 372 people are typing the word "adult" into
search engines </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 55.35pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">d)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">40 million people regularly visit porn sites only in
America. </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 55.35pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">e)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">35% of all internet downloads are related to
pornography </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 55.35pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">f)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">25% of all search engine queries are related to pornography, or
about 68 million search queries a day </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 55.35pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">g)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Search engines get 116,000 queries every day related to child
pornography </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 55.35pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">h)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">34% of internet users have experienced unwanted exposure to
pornographic content through ads pop up ads, misdirected links or
emails </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 55.35pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">i)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5 billion emails sent or received every day contain
porn </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 55.35pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">j)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Every 39 minutes a new pornography video is being created in
America alone. </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 55.35pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">k) About 200,000 Americans are “porn addicts”</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.25in;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></a></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.5pt; margin: 15.5pt 0in 0in 20.2pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 19pt; letter-spacing: 5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Youth Pornography Statistics
<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.5pt; margin: 15.5pt 0in 0in 20.2pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 19pt; letter-spacing: 5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 38.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Teenagers with
frequent exposure to sexual content on TV have a substantially
greater likelihood of teenage pregnancy; and the likelihood of teen
pregnancy was twice as high when the quantity of sexual content exposure
within the viewing episodes was high. </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 38.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Pornography viewing by teens disorients them during the developmental phase when they have to learn how to handle their sexuality
and when they are most vulnerable to uncertainty about their sexual
beliefs and moral values. </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 38.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">A significant relationship also exists among teens between frequent pornography use
and feelings of loneliness, including major depression.</span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 38.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">d)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Adolescents exposed to high levels of pornography have lower
levels of sexual self-esteem<sup>. <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 38.8pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 0.25in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 19pt; letter-spacing: 5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Women
Pornography Statistics <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 0.25in; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 2.05pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> A growing number of
women are engaging in the use of pornography as well. </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 19.65pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">§</span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> 13% of women admit to accessing porn at work </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 19.65pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">§</span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> 70% of women keep their cyber activities secret </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 19.65pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">§</span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> 17% of all women struggle with porn addiction.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 2pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">It may not be pictorial, in a video, or what we would strictly
define as pornography but a growing number of women are using what we call
erotica. The statistics show that: </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt; margin: 0.7pt 0in 0in 19.65pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">§</span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> Women favor chat rooms twice as much as men do. </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 19.65pt; tab-stops: 6.5in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">§</span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 of 3 visitors of all adult websites is a woman.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 2.05pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">The difference between pornography
and erotica has to do with whom your affection is being directed towards.
Pornography generally deals with objectification, whereas, erotica forms a
relational. It is a common misconception that pornography is only a problem for
men. However, Pornography is a people problem and it affects everyone.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 2.05pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 2.05pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: 0.25pt;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 19pt; letter-spacing: 3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Family/Marital Pornography
Statistics <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.75pt; margin: 1.75pt 0in 0in 2.05pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-indent: 0.25pt;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 19pt; letter-spacing: 3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 59.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 59.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">According to
National Coalition for the Protection of Children & Families, 2010, 47%
of families in the United States reported that pornography is a problem
in their home.</span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 59.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 59.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Pornography use increases the marital infidelity rate by more than
300%.</span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 59.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 59.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">40 percent of
“sex addicts” lose their spouses, 58 percent suffer considerable financial
losses and about a third lose their jobs.</span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 59.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 59.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Charter; mso-fareast-font-family: Charter;">d)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Charter, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">68% of divorce cases involve one party meeting a new paramour over
the internet while 56% involve one party having an “obsessive interest” in
pornographic websites.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 59.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.85pt; margin: 1.85pt 0in 0in 59.25pt; tab-stops: 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Charter","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="color: red; font-family: courier;"><i><b> To be continue in PART-II</b></i></span></o:p></p>
<div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Theodore Pappas, Ed., Encyclopedia Britannica 2004 Ultimate
Reference Suite CD, Encyclopedia Britannica Dictionary, Encyclopedia
Britannica, Inc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> A. S. Hornby, Ed., Oxford Advanced Genie, Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 6th Ed., (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2000)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Theodore Pappas, Ed., Encyclopaedia Britannica 2004
Ultimate Reference Suite CD. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.05pt; margin-right: 92.85pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 92.85pt 0in 2.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25pt;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Lord Longford, Pornography: The Longford Report, (London:
Coronet Books, 1972), 412; as quoted in John H. Court, Pornography: A
Christian Critique (Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 1980), 10. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">These statistics clearly show that many people are using
pornography.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Logue, Jeff. PORNOGRAPHY STATISTICS: WHO USES PORN?</span></p></div><div id="ftn5">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 74.3pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 74.3pt 0in 2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">https://www.sagu.edu/thoughthub/pornography-statistics-who-uses-pornography</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Fagan, Patrick F. Internet Pornography by The Numbers: A
Significant Threat to Society..
https://www.webroot.com/in/en/home/resources/tips/digital-family-life/internet-pornography-by-the-numbers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Fagan, Patrick F. Internet Pornography by The
Numbers: A Significant Threat to Society.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Logue, Jeff. PORNOGRAPHY STATISTICS: WHO USES PORN?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in 2.2pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Logue, Jeff. PORNOGRAPHY STATISTICS: WHO USES PORN? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.15pt; margin-right: 71.3pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 71.3pt 0in 2.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">connection. It is a common misconception that pornography is only
a problem for men. However, Pornography is a people problem and it
affects everyone.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Logue, Jeff. PORNOGRAPHY STATISTICS: WHO USES PORN? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Theology/Christian%20Social%20Ethics/Pornography-I.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Fagan, Patrick F. Internet Pornography by The Numbers: A
Significant Threat to Society. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-37187294142340263792021-07-10T01:44:00.016-07:002021-07-14T08:08:26.906-07:00Why did God Create Sex?<p> </p><p align="right" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 22pt; letter-spacing: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">Why did God Create Sex?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<br /><p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Why did God create sex? Was it only
for procreation or did God have other purposes for sex? Does God speak of
his specific purposes for sex in the Bible?<o:p></o:p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1VI1J1evytY/YOlccT40izI/AAAAAAAAFdc/_kVH3w5kTl4EiPF6lXmGkSATPYNxhHMMgCLcBGAsYHQ/s626/good-looking-hot-couple-sit-bed-room-sexy-young-woman-lingerie-embrace-man-from-he-look-her-satisfaction-seduction_152404-9134.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="626" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1VI1J1evytY/YOlccT40izI/AAAAAAAAFdc/_kVH3w5kTl4EiPF6lXmGkSATPYNxhHMMgCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/good-looking-hot-couple-sit-bed-room-sexy-young-woman-lingerie-embrace-man-from-he-look-her-satisfaction-seduction_152404-9134.jpg" /></a></div></span><p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">We all have the tendency to shrug off societal shackles. Surprising, sex and the associated pleasure are still considered to be taboo in our society. Journalist Jaye Johnson argues in her 2016 TED Talk that, 'we need to shift the way we think about it'. More so, in theological and biblical aspects, we need to tune into the way our Bible teaches us and communicate it clearly the 'why' aspects and deal with the right lens and landed in the 'when' arena with the designer (Creator) point of view. This is one of the central focus of Christian Ethics, digging out the purpose of God's creation and its ethos is the need of the hour.</span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">There is no single passage of
Scripture where God <i>says “I created sex for these purposes…”</i>. God
created man in his image to show his attributes and display his glory. God
created woman as a helper for man (Genesis 2 & I Corinthians 11). God tells
us why he created marriage in Ephesians 5, as a symbol of the relationship
between Christ and the Church.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">So yes we know why God created us and
why God created marriage. But why did God create sex?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.2pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.2pt; margin: 10.2pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One
of God’s purposes for sex was for reproduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There
is no doubt that one of the reasons for God creating sex was as a method for
procreation. In fact it is one of the first commands God gave to the first man
and woman in the Garden of Eden:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“So God created man in his own
image, <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">in the image of God created he him;
<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">male and female created he them.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">And God blessed them, and God said
unto them, <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Be fruitful, and multiply, and
replenish the earth, and subdue it:”<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Genesis 1:27-28(KJV)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #1f497d; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">God
commands that sexual relations between a man and woman are to be only within
the institution of marriage</span></strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h2 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">“Marriage is honourable in all, and the
bed undefiled: <o:p></o:p></span></i></h2>
<h2 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">but whoremongers and adulterers God will
judge.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Hebrews 13:4(KJV)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #1f497d; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">How God could have handled reproduction in human beings<o:p></o:p></span></strong></h2>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h2>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Up to this point, we have seen that
one of the purposes for which God created sex was procreation. We then see that
God wanted sex only to occur within marriage. When you put together what we
have so far, you can see that God only wants children being produced between
and a man and a woman within the confines of marriage.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">But God could have created marriage
without sex. He could have made man and woman having the same relationship as
the Bible defines, with man leading, protecting and providing for his wife as
Christ does the Church, without giving him the capability of having sex. He
could have still created woman as the helper to man, with her symbolizing the
role of the Church in submitting to her husband, as the Church submits to
Christ, without designing her to have sex with a man.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">All of this could have been done
without needing any sexual contact between a man and a woman. In fact God could
have made humans like fish, where the female lays eggs and the male comes by
and fertilizes the eggs, and they do this with no physical contact.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Even if God wanted us to have sex
just for reproduction, he could have made us like many animals that just go
into heat once or twice a year for a short period. During this limited period
they have sex for reproductive purposes only and then they are done.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">How God made our sexuality tells us a lot about his purposes for
sex</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In Paul’s letter to the Romans we are
told that God reveals his design and purposes for many things by looking at how
he created things:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">18 But God shows his anger from
heaven against all sinful, wicked people who suppress the truth by their
wickedness.[a] 19 They know the truth about God because he has made it obvious
to them. 20 For ever since the world was created, people have seen the earth
and sky. Through everything God made, they can clearly see his invisible
qualities—his eternal power and divine nature. So they have no excuse for not
knowing God.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Romans 1:18-20(NLT)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The context of this passage from
Romans chapter 1 is talking about sexual depravity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">26 That is why God abandoned them to
their shameful desires. Even the women turned against the natural way to have
sex and instead indulged in sex with each other. 27 And the men, instead of
having normal sexual relations with women, burned with lust for each other. Men
did shameful things with other men, and as a result of this sin, they suffered
within themselves the penalty they deserved.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Romans 1:26-27(NLT)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">But even though Romans 1 is talking about sexual depravity, it
also reveals some other truths. We can see the phrase “the natural use”,
referring to human sexuality. The truth we can see about Romans 1 is, God has
revealed his purposes for sex by looking at human sexuality from a biological
perspective. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">So what does our biology tell us about our sexuality?</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">God’s explicit commands regarding
sexuality must be our starting point. But God’s Word does not give us express
commands about every area of our sexuality, he has left some things for us to
discover by us looking at our own biology.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The first thing that is abundantly
clear from the human body is that one the purposes of certain human body
parts are for sexual pleasure. For instance, God could have gave us the
same feeling in our erogenous zones (genitals) as we have in our fingers.
Instead, he gave us thousands more nerve endings in these special areas that
are especially sensitive to touch and can generate great pleasure. Biologically
speaking, if our genitals were created only for relieving ourselves and
procreation there would be no need for these extra nerve endings. If God only
intended sex for procreation, there would be no need for the human
orgasm. Yet he built the human body with all these wonderful
characteristics.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Next we will explore the distinctive
differences in sexuality that God designed in man and woman.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: red; font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 16pt; letter-spacing: 3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">God
created men and women with very different sexual natures<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h2>
<h4 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-font-width: 150%; padding: 0in;">Man’s Sexual Nature</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />A man is created with a polygynous
capacity for fathering multiple children with multiple women at the same time.
Men are capable of fathering children until the day they die, there is no
expiration period on their reproductive capability. So every time a man has sex
(baring physical abnormalities or surgeries), he has the capacity for
reproduction.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pf1OlZnYPcY/YOlcuQg1OsI/AAAAAAAAFdk/UP297biM3gkIDm9vI-iFYxLhh7VMmCsIwCLcBGAsYHQ/s276/download%2B%25281%2529.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="276" height="265" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pf1OlZnYPcY/YOlcuQg1OsI/AAAAAAAAFdk/UP297biM3gkIDm9vI-iFYxLhh7VMmCsIwCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h265/download%2B%25281%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Not only is a man’s body capable of
impregnating multiple women at the same time, but his mind is also polygynous
in nature, where his brain draws him to a variety of women. After the Roman Empire
eliminated polygamy in most of the western world, men had to adjust to
monogamous marriage, even though they still retained a polygynous nature
and polygynous biological capacity. Some men chose not to adjust and kept
mistresses besides their wife(as some men still do today).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Many women reading this, may be shocked at this because of
the modern monogamous marriage culture we have been brought up in. We need to
deal carefully with the subject of polygamy and man’s sexual nature. “<a href="https://biblicalgenderroles.com/2015/01/13/how-should-christian-women-respond-to-their-men-looking-at-other-women-part-1/" title="How should Christian women respond to their men looking at other women? Part 1"><span color="windowtext" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">How a Christian woman
should handle <i>her man</i> looking at other women</span></a>” is the need of
the hour to neutralize the nature of men sexuality.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The male sexual nature is primarily
visually and physically based on his need to release his semen, and it is only
secondarily based in his emotions. The typical male is biologically driven to
release his semen at least every 72 hours, for some men it might be less. A
man’s sexual chemistry is driven by his testosterone, and the typical male has
10 times more testosterone flowing through his body than the typical woman.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h4 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-font-width: 150%; padding: 0in;">Woman’s Sexual Nature</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4><div><br /><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-font-width: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A woman can only be impregnated by
one man at a time and she can only carry one man’s child at a time. Unlike a
man, a woman’s ability to bare children comes with an expiration date as she
ages and reaches menopause. God did miraculously allow exceptions to his design
with Sarah and some other women in the Bible, but this is not the norm of his
design.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-J-2N4IoVz00/YOldKVoRgxI/AAAAAAAAFds/3LVbS8DdZiohafPiWiPZV_Ed2f8HYmH-wCLcBGAsYHQ/s251/images.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="201" data-original-width="251" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-J-2N4IoVz00/YOldKVoRgxI/AAAAAAAAFds/3LVbS8DdZiohafPiWiPZV_Ed2f8HYmH-wCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h320/images.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Just as a woman’s sexual reproductive
system is built for monogamy (for her to have only one husband), so too, her
sexual nature and desire is designed to match her body being monogamous in
nature. A woman’s sexual drive is primarily driven by her emotions, and only
secondarily by her physical need for release.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.2pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.2pt; margin: 10.2pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">How God designed our minds and bodies
tells us his intentions for our sexuality<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">“<span class="text"><sup><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></sup><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">For the invisible things of him from the <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></i></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="text"><i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">creation of the world are
clearly seen, <o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="text"><i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">being understood by the things
that are made</span></i></span><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">…” – Romans 1:20a<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">When we do what God tell us to do in
Romans chapter 1 and look at how God has designed men and women’s minds and
bodies differently we can then see other purposes for which God designed sex.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The
fact that most men and even some women are aroused and receive pleasure in
their brain from seeing the form of the opposite sex tells us that God gave us
sex not only for reproduction, but also<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">for visual pleasure</span></strong>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">“7 “How beautiful are your feet in
sandals,<br />
O prince’s daughter!<br />
The curves of your hips are like jewels,<br />
The work of the hands of an artist.” – Song Of Solomon 7:1 (NASB)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In the Song of Solomon we see how man
sees a woman’s body as a work of art.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In Psalm 45 – a prophetic song about
Jesus Christ we see how he desires the beauty of his Church:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">“<span class="text"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">So shall the king greatly
desire thy beauty: <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></i></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="text"><i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">for he is thy Lord; and worship
thou him.” – Psalm 45:11 (KJV)<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Our God truly is a marvelous
God. There is so much symbolism in the way he has designed us. The
fact that men receive pleasure from and desire to see the beauty of women is no
accident. It is by the design of God and is a symbol of God’s desire for
the beauty of his church.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The fact that men and women both have certain zones of their
body that give them great pleasure from touch tells us that God gave us sex not
only for reproduction, but also<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">for</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">physical pleasure</span></strong>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="text"><i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">6 Oh, how beautiful you are!<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="text"><i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How pleasing, my love, how full of
delights!<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="text"><i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">7 You are slender like a palm
tree,<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="text"><i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and your breasts are like its clusters of
fruit.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="text"><i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">8 I said, “I will climb the
palm tree<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="text"><i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and take hold of its fruit.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="text"><i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">May your breasts be like grape
clusters,<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="text"><i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and the fragrance of your breath like
apples.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Song of Solomon 7:6-8 (NLT)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The human ability to have an orgasm (present in both men and
women) tells us that God gave us sex not only for reproduction, but also as a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">mental and physical release</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>from the stresses of daily life, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">to comfort one another</span></strong>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">“And Isaac brought her into his mother Sarah’s tent, <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">and took Rebekah, and she became his wife; <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">and he loved her: and Isaac was<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>comforted</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">after his mother’s death.” – Genesis 24:67 (KJV)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A woman’s emotionally connected sexual nature tells us that
God gave us sex not only for reproduction, but also<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">to emotionally draw a couple
closer together</span></strong>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A man’s sexual nature tells us that God intended sex to occur
in marriage<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">with or without emotional connection</span></strong>, as men are
fully capable and drawn to sex without the need to first emotionally connect.
Many men do not connect emotionally with their wives, until<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">AFTER</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>they have had sex with them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3wD96aa9WCc/YOlduYpEB6I/AAAAAAAAFd0/4_biprnnTrMquhCBGjU-iO1AYgNlwi3DACLcBGAsYHQ/s275/download.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" height="266" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3wD96aa9WCc/YOlduYpEB6I/AAAAAAAAFd0/4_biprnnTrMquhCBGjU-iO1AYgNlwi3DACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h266/download.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><o:p><br /></o:p><p></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">This last point is one that many in
our modern age would contend with. But the fact is, aside from newlywed
couples, if normal married couples only had sex when they were feeling
emotionally connected, sex would occur far less often. Just like the foundation
of marital love is Agape love (love from duty and commitment, not from
emotion), so too God wanted sex to come first from duty and commitment, and
only secondarily from emotion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">This is not to say that men should
not try and connect with their wives on an emotional level, because they
certainly ought to. I Peter 3:7 tells men to “dwell with them according to
knowledge”. The Greek Word that we translate in English as “dwell” has the idea
of a man living with and having sex with a woman (it was used interchangeably
with a man living with his wife or his mistress in Biblical times). But when
you put it together with the phrase “according to knowledge” it has the idea of
getting to know your wife. If you get to know your wife then you would at
some points emotionally connect with her.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In
fact in the Old Testament often times a word that was used as a euphemism for
sex was literally the word “<strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">knew</span></strong>”. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like in Genesis 4:1 when God says “And Adam
knew Eve his wife; and she conceived”. But other times the Bible describes sex
as simply “<strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">laying</span></strong>” with one’s wife.<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.2pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.2pt; margin: 10.2pt 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1pt; line-height: 150%;">The difference between “Making Love” and
“having sex”<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The Bible never uses the term “making
love”, it is a modern term. But it could describe, as, the times when a man and
a woman are more emotionally connected, and then they are physically connected
in the act of sex. There is no doubt that if we take I Peter 3 where God tells
men they need to know their wives, that God does want us to make love (to be
emotionally and physically connected) as a husband and wife.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">However, from the rest of Scripture
we can also see that God does not want the only time we have sex to be when we
are emotionally connected. Sometimes we have to physically connect first, so
that we can emotionally connect at a later point.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h4 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #00b050; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">God does not place an
“emotional connectedness” prerequisite on sex in marriage.</span><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">This is something that a lot of
Christian women struggle with, because of how they have been preconditioned by
our culture, and many Christian marriage books falsely teach this notion of
“emotional connectedness” as a prerequisite for on sex in marriage.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">See Paul’s words about not sexually
depriving one another here in I Corinthians:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.2pt; margin: 10.2pt 0in 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">“Let the husband render unto the wife due benevolence: and
likewise also the wife unto the husband.<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2>
<h2 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.2pt; margin: 10.2pt 0in 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">The wife hath not power of her own body, but the husband:
and likewise also the husband hath not power of his own body, but the wife.<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2>
<h2 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.2pt; margin: 10.2pt 0in 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Defraud ye not one the other, except it be with consent for
a time, that ye may give yourselves to fasting and prayer; and come together
again, that Satan tempt you not for your incontinency.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">I Corinthians 7:3-5(KJV)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Sex in marriage calls us out of
our comfort zones and calls us to empathize with our spouse<o:p></o:p></span></strong></h2>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h2>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">God made men and women with different
strengths and weakness, and this is no different when it comes to our
sexuality. God does not scold a man for his sexual nature, but he also wants a
man to see sex through his wife’s eyes. God does not scold a woman for her
sexual nature, but he also wants a woman to see sex through her husband’s eyes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">What this looks like for a Christian
husband is, he will not always try to “just have sex” with his wife, but will
look for opportunities to emotionally connect with her first, so that they can
truly “make love”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">What this looks like from a Christian
wife’s perspective is, she will not demand that her husband emotionally connect
with her every time before they have sex. She will gladly accept his nature
that sometimes he just needs to have sex, and that God has uniquely equipped
her to have sex whether she is emotionally connected, in the mood or not.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h4 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span color="windowtext" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">No Christian wife ought to have
prerequisites her husband must do before he can have sex with her, her body
belongs to him, just as his body belongs to her.</span><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Do<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>not misunderstand what it says. A man may not always be able to get his
wife in the mood emotionally for sex, but he should always prepare his wife
physically for sex through some type of foreplay, in the sense of making sure
she is lubricated(either through natural means or artificial means) enough for
intercourse, otherwise this could be a painful experience for her.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">But just as a man is commanded to
“dwell with his wife according to knowledge”, a woman is commanded to be “a
lover of her husband” in Titus 2:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">“That they may teach the young women to be
sober,<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2>
<h2 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></span><strong><i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">to love
their husbands</span></i></strong><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">, to love their children…”<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Titus 2:4(KJV)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The phrase translated in English as
“to love their husbands” is an interesting one. It is the only time in the
entire Bible that a woman is specifically commanded to love her husband. In
most other cases women are commanded to submit to, or obey, or respect their
husbands but this is the only instance of a command to wives to love their
husbands.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The Greek phrase here is “<i>philandros</i>”,
which literally means “a lover of her husband”. This has the idea of an
affectionate, even sexual love of a wife toward her husband. What we also see
from Titus 2:4 is a woman must be “taught” to be a lover of her husband,
something that sadly many Christian’s mothers do not pass down to their
daughters, as they ought to.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In the same way that a Christian wife
wants her husband to attempt emotional connectedness in the sexual arena, so
too a man wants his wife to attempt to understand the visual and physical side
of his sexual nature.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.2pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.2pt; margin: 10.2pt 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">The 7 Reasons God made Sex (in a nutshell)<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.4pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 20.4pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Based on the Biblical and biological
evidence there are 7 reasons that God made sex.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">For Procreation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">For Unity (to
bring a couple close together, but this unity may not always come before sex,
but may come later as a result of sex).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">For visual
pleasure<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">For physical
pleasure<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">For relief of
physical and emotional stress, to comfort one another<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Sacrifice &
Submission – husbands are called to sacrifice themselves by giving their bodies
to their wives when they need it, and wives are command to submit their bodies
to their husbands as they need it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">To bring us out
of our comfort zone, to be able to love our spouse not as we would desire to be
loved, but as they would desire to be loved(e.g. sexual preferences).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: large;">Conclusion:</span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"><b><br /></b></span></span></p><div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"> </span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;">Sex Before marriage and </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Outside Marriage is a great Sin. Having extramarital affairs
outside marriage for pleasure and fun (</span><b style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;">promiscuous)</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> or any form of immorality is sinful. </span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">God's blueprint for sex is for our good not for harm and is
meant to have only in a marriage circle between a husband and a wife. It is to
strengthen the marriage bond and love in the relationship. The God who created
us knows how we function best. He knows the consequences of mishandling His
gift of Sexuality. Our World is reeling from the weight of those
consequences. Millions of Abortions, STDs, divorces and molestations, rapes and
cases of human trafficking would be eliminated if we only upheld God's sexual
ethics in which the Creator has design and created us. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><br /><p></p><p></p>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-5704520483629655372021-07-10T01:02:00.008-07:002021-07-10T01:02:56.899-07:00Education and Christian Education<p> </p><p align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a name="_Toc486967479"></a></span><a name="_Toc486965901"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; letter-spacing: 5.0pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">Education and Christian Education</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-size: medium;">Definition of Education <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><span lang="EN-IN">The meaning of the word ‘educate’ is to draw out. It comes from the
root <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘educare’</i> which means to bring
out that which is hidden. It is known to be loosely used as meaning ‘to
instruct’ as well as ‘to train’. To train is to mould the student according to
the plan of the teacher so that student does little in the way of exercising
individual thinking.</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"></span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><span lang="EN-IN"> Christian education, in its right perspective, is the harmonious,
all round development of the individual stressing the means of helping person
grow in the pattern of Jesus Christ. It is also education within a social
process, and the community is the Christian home on the one hand the church as
a redemptive fellowship on the other.</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"></span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;">Education is the most important development of
mankind and humanity. It is more important medicine, weapons and even of
language, because language too was the product of his education. Man without
education would still be living just like an animal. It is education which
transformed man from a mere two-legged animal into human. It helps him to
behave like a man and prevents him from behaving like an animal.</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"></span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"> The behavioral changes must be directed
towards a desirable end. They should be acceptable socially, culturally and
comically and result in a change in knowledge, skill, attitude and
understanding. With the development of society; education has taken many shapes,
such as child education, adult education, technical education, health
education, physical education and so on. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"></span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></p>
<h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486965901;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967479;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-size: medium;">Christian Education</span></span></span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;">Etymologically the word education can offer a
significant clue to the nature of the activity of education itself. The English
word education comes from the latin word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ducare</i>
(and its cognate <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ducere</i>), meaning “to
lead,” and the prefix e, meaning “out.” At its root meaning, then education is
an activity of “leading out.”</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Learning is
an important part of Christian pilgrimage, and learning is perhaps best
understood in the light of the model Jesus gives of apprentices learning from
the master in an active and personal way. The Hebrew-Christian tradition is
committed to moral education to enable people to love and serve both God and
neighbour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The family in OT is the
context in which God’s law is taught (Duet. 6:1-7).</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus,
Christian Education according to Nevin C. Harner, “is a reverent attempt to
discover the divinely ordained process by which individual grow toward
Christlikeness, and to work with that process.”</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"> In simple sense Christian Education can be also
described as the synthesizing of all knowledge in the light of the Christian
revelation.</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h1><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967483"></a><a name="_Toc486965903"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc486967483;"><span lang="EN-IN">Theological basis for Christian Education</span></span></a></span></h1>
<h2><a name="_Toc486967484"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Old
Testament</span></span></a></h2>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In OT God
was projected as the first teacher. He utilized the means of education to make
himself known to people. God used law to educate people. His aim was to make
himself known to other people. The particular Jewish race was given norms laws
and commandments. He structured socio, ethical, religious, spiritual life of
Jewish people, Deut. 6: 4 – 9. Through their life God wanted other people and
nations to know God. The greatest commandment he gave to people is basic of
Jewish faith which was to be passed on to generations through traditions and
rituals and festivals.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h3><a name="_Toc486967485"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.1.</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Family</span></span></a></h3>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">The
Hebrew was the devout religious race and education was religious in nature or
education was in the means of religious education. The family was the
educational unit and parents as their teacher. Example, Moses gave educational
mandate charging the parents with the religious instruction of their children
(Duet. 6:7). It was at home religious instruction. Here we find parents have
taken commandments very seriously. Teaching in home was Gods basic plan for the
family. In the family God’s will was to be made known to the child and must
have been resulted in practice. In Jewish family recitation of shema was
important (Deut 6: 4 – 9). This was foundation to all Hebrew and Jewish belief.</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h3><a name="_Toc486967486"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.2.</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Synagogue</span></span></a></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;">Synagogue was a place of
instruction as well as worship. The classes were daily conducted for children
on Sabbath and on market days special services for adult were held. There
developed a class of religious leaders, the scribes were interpret the scripture
and teacher as well. This was provided for the instruction of boys between the
age of 6 and 16. And the teachers were the scribes. However, there were
conditions.</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967487"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.3.</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Patriarchal period (Abraham to Joseph; (Gen 12
– 18)</span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">God chose
Abraham to teach his children and households after him and assist his
descendants to know God and transmit God path. At that time means of education
was natural and informal. Obedience was taught. That time law was not given.
Vocational responsibility was learned by watching parents and they slowly built
altars to worship God. Children learned culture and covenant.</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h3><a name="_Toc486967488"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.4.</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Priests</span></span></a></h3>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Priests
were agents of people before God and they were known as national teachers. They
<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">read the
Torah once in seven years (Duet. 4: 10 – 30). They performed various duties,
such as to </span><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">advice people
by performing sacrifices and ceremonies they were communicating the will of
God. Priests teach people how to worship of every sacrifice, simple ceremony,
symbols and rituals were the basis to give the feeling and attitude of God.
Also train new Levites concerning the sacrifice, rituals, ceremonies, festival
duties. And interpret God’s will for human being and teach people how to live
together. Priests have to heal the sick by performing ritual.</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967489"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.5.</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Prophets</span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Prophets were
agents to God on behalf of people. Prophets were necessary to bring people to
right conduct. They were stern guardians of individuals. They regarded, guided
and taught people on national conduct and statesmanship and revealed true
nature and character of God. They were also known as soul of Israel and brought
God’s massage to people. They objected wrong behaviour, denounced oppression,
injustice and also spoke to leaders and kings, demonstrated and taught through
symbolic lessons. (Jer. 13: 1 – 7). The God centred was the education during
prophet’s time. They proclaim people, to repent and turn from sin and led them
towards vindication and reconciliation. They made people understand
righteousness is right of God and they also taught to observe religious
festivals and rituals.</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc486967490"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB">New
Testament</span></span></a></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;">Jesus was the master of
education. During His educational program there were no classroom and
schedules. It was through apprenticeship (traineeship). Jesus taught the
multitude; during meal time as well as period of prayer. Jesus had divided and
sends his disciple two by two to teach people with instruction. They were their
home and synagogue schools and memorized large portions of the Scripture. But
Jesus inserts to the old tests saying ‘you have heard that it was said…but I
say unto you Mathew 5:21, 22.</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h3><a name="_Toc486967491"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.1.</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Content of Jesus teaching</span></span></a></h3>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">The
content of Jesus teaching were, Social issues eschatological, spiritual, Faith,
Kingdom of God, relationship between commandments, righteousness, moral and
ethics, reciprocal of law, Prayer, forgiveness of sin, worshiping, etc.</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967492"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.2.</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Methods</span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">The
methods of Jesus teaching were simple and ordinary use of human life, such as
comparison, poetry, personal touch, stories, Parables, discussion, debate,
healing forgiving sins, loving, casting out demons,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>preaching, teaching signs, miracles,
metaphors, object visions, coin, sheep tree, fruit, vine, mustard seed etc,
touching, action, washing feet , authoritative speaking, dialogue, question and
answer, riddles. </span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967493"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.3.</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Purpose</span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;">The purpose of teaching during
Jesus movement were Kingdome of God, salvation, eternity, understand father
through him, to make understand God the father and Holy Spirit, righteousness,
repentance, reconciliation between god and man</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h3><a name="_Toc486967494"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.4.</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Pupils</span></span></a></h3>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Jesus
pupils were sinners, tax collectors, women, Pharisees, prostitutes, fishermen,
intellectuals, Samaritans, gentiles, Rich, young, children, sick, untouchable,
scholars.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">[18]</span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Vimala Paulus,
Introducing Christian Education, (Madras; CLS: 1986.) pg 1-2.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Randolph Crump
Miller, Education for Christian living (New York; Prentice Hall: 1957)pg 53<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Ramesh Ghanta,
Foundations of Education, (New Delhi: Neelkamal Publications Pvt. Ltd,2011)pg 6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
http://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=7&topicid=524<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Thomas H. Groome, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Christian religious
education: sharing our story and vision</i> (San Francisco: Harper & Row.
1980), 5.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
David Atkinson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New Dictionary of
Christian Ethics and Pastoral Theology</i> (Leicester: Inter- Varsity Press.
1995), 335.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Nevin C. Harner, Educational<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> work of the
church</i> (New York: Abingdon Press. c.1939),20.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
http://archive.churchsociety.org/churchman/documents/Cman_057_2_Perfect.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peter P. Person, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">An Introduction To Christian Education</i>
(Michigan: Baker Book House, 1958), 22.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[10]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid …, 23.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[11]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid …, 22.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[12]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kenneth O. Gangel and Warren S.
Benson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Christian Education: Its History
and Philosophy</i> (Chicago: Moody Press,1943), 24.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[13]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kenneth O. Gangel and Warren S.
Benson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Christian Education: Its History
and Philosophy</i> (Chicago: Moody Press,1943), 25.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[14]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid…, 24.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[15]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Clarence H. Benson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A popular History of Christian Education</i>
( Chicago: Moody Press, 1943), 30.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[16]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid…, 31.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[17]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid…, 32.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[18]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Clarence H. Benson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A popular History of Christian Education</i>
( Chicago: Moody Press, 1943), 32-33.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-13047807665555200322021-07-10T00:59:00.007-07:002021-07-10T01:00:36.158-07:00Christian Education and Contextual Realities-Poverty<p> </p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span face=""Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 18pt; letter-spacing: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Christian Education and Contextual
Realities-Poverty<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Introduction</span></b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The challenge of poverty as a social problem
has become an important concern and issue for society at large. In this
paper, we will focus on the concept, causes, and consequences of poverty, and
then try to understand the biblical implications and the role and response of
Christian Education to bring about social change in the context of </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">poverty.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. Understanding Key Concepts:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.1Poverty<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Some dimensions of poverty are- lack
of livelihood strategies, inaccessibility to resources like land and money, the feeling of insecurity, and inability to maintain and develop social relations
with others as a consequence of lack of resources. Three precepts are often
used to define poverty: firstly, the amount of money required by a </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">person to subsist, secondly, the life below a “
minimum subsistence level’ and ‘living standard’ prevalent at a given time in a
given place, and finally the comparative state of well-being of a few and the
deprivation and destitution of the majority in the society.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.2Poverty and Christian Education</span></b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The ultimate aim of Christian
education is to make the person, a Christ </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">governed person, to foster the relationship of
fellowship with Him and to cultivate an attitude of interest and sympathy for
other persons. Christian education is the activity in which the Bible is taught
as the written revelation of God through Jesus Christ his Son, obedience to the
Holy Spirit is encouraged, the ethical standards of the Kingdom of God </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">are made known and emphasized, and
personalities are enriched and nurtured in accordance with the mind of Christ.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> The Christian life should be a life of
devotion to the enhancement of personal and social living, particularly trough
knowledge and adherence to the will and purpose of God for individual life and
for the life of society. </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Christian personality is marked by an
understanding of God’s purposes, will and plan, and of their working out in the
world.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">In order to grasp what the Christian attitude to
poverty should be, it is important to understand God’s concern for the poor
which is exemplified and affirmed many times in the scripture. Deuteronomy
15:11 says, “There will always be poor people in the land. Therefore, I command
you to be openhanded toward your brothers and toward the poor and needy in your
land.” Jesus’ mission is to set the oppressed free and restore the sight of the
blind. He instructs that eternal damnation awaits those who do not feed the hungry,
clothe the naked and visit prisoners (Matthew 25:31-46). The church then as the
community which is called to exemplify the ideals of the Kingdom of God should
set </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">forward to eradicate the evil of material
poverty. It must proclaim the good news of the kingdom to the materially poor
and welcome them into the fellowship.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Causes of Poverty:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">There are a number of reasons and
factors that contribute to the problem of poverty. We will look at three
important causes of poverty:</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.1 Economic causes:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The economic causes may be examined
in terms of four important factors namely, inadequate development, lack of
capital, lack of skill in workers, and unemployment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.2 Demographic causes:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Population growth is an important
factor in poverty. If the population can be restricted, it would reduce the
pressure on food, education, and health services. Poverty is related to health
also, if a person is healthy he is able to earn as well as spend less on his
sickness. If a large number of people in the country suffer from chronic
malnutrition or live in an unsanitary environment, they suffer from many diseases
which make them incapable of working and earning.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.3 Social causes:</span></b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Discrimination, prejudices,
Casteism, communalism, and parochialism are some of the major challenges which
further affects and adds to the problem of poverty. In the Indian context,
because of the caste system, the low caste people are subordinated by the
higher caste and thus restricted to participate in the field of economic
progress. In the rural sectors, money lenders exploit the poor by charging
exorbitant rates of interest and by acquiring the mortgaged land in the event
of non-payment. Indebted poor farmers also cannot free themselves from the
clutches of money lenders and their poverty is further accentuated.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. Consequences of Poverty<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Some of the problems which the poor in our society face are:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.1 Social discrimination and Social
condemnation:</span></b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The employers, the rich, the
officials, and even the government look down upon the poor. They are harassed,
humiliated, and discriminated against. They face the challenges of illiteracy
and social prejudice. They lack collective power and are easily dominated by
the politically, economically, and socially stronger sections of society.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.2 Housing:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Houselessness, overcrowding, and
living in the slums are serious problems that the poor face. The houses of the
poor are not only overcrowded but lack privacy. The existing space does not
permit proper sleeping arrangements. Family tensions also affect their
personality as well as their behavior where self-respect is eroded and cynicism
fostered.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.3 Hunger:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hungry persons are those who are
chronically short of the nutrients necessary for growth and good health. During
pregnancy, poor nutrition leads to low birth-weight babies which itself poses
numerous health risks to the child. For children, poor nutrition leads to poor
growth and functional impairment.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. Biblical Perspectives on poverty<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.1 Poverty in the Old Testament<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">There are six different Hebrew words
to denote ‘poor’, which is rendered in Greek mainly by Ptochos and seldom by
Penes. The main Hebrew words are '<i>ani, dhal, and ebyon'</i>. The word ani denotes a
dependent because of his inferior position of answering to the one who demands
the answer. Ani also denotes a state of submissiveness or </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">distress. In the Pentateuch ani indicates
without inheritance of one’s own (Ex 22:24; Lev 19:10; 23:22; Dt 15:11; 24:12,
14, 15). Ptochos, when it translates the Hebrew dhal, refers to physical
weakness (Gen 41:19; 2 Sam 13:4) and to a low and insignificant social status
(Lev 19:15; 1 Sam 2:8). The Hebrew word <i>ebyon </i>denotes ‘the one who seek alms’
the beggar or the poor man. <i>Ebyon </i>also refer to the very poor, ‘those with no roof
over their heads’ (1 Sam 2:8). The term ‘poor’ also has a religious tone,
indicating the attitude of the one who prays to God (Ps 35:10; 37:4; 40:17);
etc. In (Amos 4; 6:1-10 and Hosea 8; 10:3) poor seems to have a social-
economic sense. In (Zechariah 9:9) </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">where the messianic king is described as
‘righteous’ and ‘poor’, the spiritual sense of humility is in focus. In wisdom
literature the ‘poor’ is mostly used in a social and economic sense (Prov. 22:2),
poverty in the wisdom literature is associate with moral character laziness
(Prov 6:6-11), pleasure-seeking (Prov 21:17), drunkenness, and greediness </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(prov 23:21).</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.2 Poverty in the New Testament <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The word ‘poor’ used in the New
Testament about 34 times. There are numerous passages in the New Testament use
‘poor’ to refer to the people who are deprived in social status, hungry, bagger,
politically vulnerable and who have to depend on others sympathy (Mt 25:34-36,
41-43; Mk 10:21, Lk 7:22;14:13-21; Rev 3:17). ‘Poor ‘in Lk 4:18-19 is to be
understood in a strong social sense, the salvation Jesus announced is primarily
a libration from the pressures of social, economic, and societal oppression.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> The ‘poor’ in Luke 6:20-21
“Blessed are you poor, for yours is the kingdom of God”. According to Luke,
Jesus public ministry begins in the Nazareth synagogue with the word of the
prophet Isaiah, Is 61:1-2.The salvation Jesus announces in Luke </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4:18-19 is mainly liberation from the pressures
of social, economic, and societal oppressions.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> The ‘Poor’ in Matthew 5:3 “Blessed are the
poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven” the idea of ‘poor in
spirit occurs also in the old testament passages, in the light of the old
testament passages, poverty of spirit may be described as “ the personal </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">acknowledgment of spiritual bankruptcy ”. It
is the conscious confession of unworthiness before God. As such it is the
deepest form of repentance.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> The ‘poor’ in John gospel, the word poor
itself occurs only four times in John, (Jn 12:5, 6, 8; 13:29), but the idea
that Jesus approaches the poor in love and compassion in order to fulfill their
needs can be traced throughout the John. The Johannine Jesus </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">went in search of the outcasts of the society,
the blind, the lame and the paralyzed at the pool of Bethesda and healed a
retarded and helpless man (Jn 5:2-9).In the wedding of Cana, Jesus was present to
help the poor family which could not afford enough wine and hence which was
facing dishonor and embarrassment (Jn 2:1-11). Jesus concern </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">for the hungry is well portrayed in the
Johannine sign of feeding the multitude (Jn 6:1-5). Jesus Death on the cross is
not only the moment of victory over the oppressor who dominated the world Jn
12:31, but also the final and decisive moment of revealing God’s glory to the
oppressed (Jn 3:14-15; 12:23-24, 32-33; 13:31-32).</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> The ‘poor’ in the early church, the early church
followed the commission of the master and established communities of sharing. “
The group of believers was one in </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">mind and heart. No one said that any of his
belongings was his own but they all shared with one another everything they
had” acts 4:32. So they have enough resources and there was no poverty.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5 Understanding of Poverty in the Post New
Testament Era</span></b></span><b><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.1 Catholic Tradition:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">It was the Marxist movement in the
wake of the industrial revolution that caused the church to respond to the
situation. The development of capitalism and industrialization in Europe in the
19<sup>th</sup> century led to a polarization of society into two antagonistic
classes. On the one hand was the rich and on the other hand a new working class
of people expelled from their and who had joined the ranks of an urban proletariat
which barely earned enough to live. This was the challenge for the church, the
same poor now had organized not to demand charity but the power needed to abolish
the structure of oppression.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.2 Ecumenical Tradition:</span></b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Indian ecumenical community also
can be broadly divided into three groups, First is the national council of
churches in India (NCCI) out of 12 million members of the churches belonging to
NCCI, more than half are Dalits and the poor, so the church certainly feels
that the mission to the poor is a matter of one’s own housekeeping as </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">well as outreach. Second the catholic Bishops
Conference of India (CBCI), CBCI is involved in social action though its
various organizations like CARITAS and the third is a cluster of evangelical
churches and para-churches.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.3 Evangelical Tradition:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Wheaton Declaration (1966)
challenged “ all evangelicals to stand openly and firmly for radical equality,
human freedom and forms of social justice throughout the world”.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.4 Protestant Mission<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Protestant missionary activity in India
began only in the early 19<sup>th</sup> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>century by William Carey. The protestant
missionaries saw idolatry as a curse from which stemmed poverty, depravity, and
all the accompanying evils. So for them, the only way of removing the misery
and the suffering of the people was the destruction of idolatry. The poor and
socially oppressed saw conversion as a means of gaining protection from oppressors,
material aid, and self- identity. Thus it was that the emerging Christian community
was not just a poor one but one that was escaping from an oppressive socio-
religious system.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6. Response and role of the Church:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.1 Hope for the Poor:</span></b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The phrase “good news to the poor”
or Hope for the Poor would ordinarily be understood to mean economic benefits.
The involvement of the church in society today amounts to being experienced as
good news by those being ministered. In a Christian perspective, the good news is not
a systematic doctrinal interpretation of life. The living out of the Christian
faith takes its meaning from the concrete situations in which we find ourselves
as men and women. A large part of the human situation may be described in words
of wonder, joy, and gratitude, there is much that makes life good to many. Discrimination,
despair, darkness, hatred, and violence are in and around us. In one form or
another poor in the country suffer these more than others among us. It is in a struggle with this human predicament that the Christian's mission and ministry
becoming meaningful and good news. Love and compassion (Matt: 25:31-46, Luke:
10:29-37) steer much of Christian mission and ministry.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.2. God Identifies with the poor:</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">When the Son of God Jesus came to
earth, He was fully God, but He was also fully human. It means that He was a
man, who experienced everything like humans suffer, and therefore he can
completely identify with everything that humans go through. He personally knows
what it’s like to suffer and to experience hardships. He understands and can
empathize with us in ways that no one else can. Jesus identifies </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">poor and needy people he knows their pain and
sufferings. God understands what it is like to go to sleep hungry and cold.
However, Jesus knew what it was like to be poor. After all, He was homeless, so
He can identify with those who have to do without. Jesus knows what it is like
to experience heartache, sadness, and sorrow. Jesus knew </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">exactly what it was like to suffer. He confided
His emotional pain to His disciples, saying, “My soul is very sorrowful, even
to death” (Matt. 26:38). Jesus understands our humanity and what it is like to
live as a human. He got hungry, He got thirsty, He slept, He was taught, He
grew, He loved, He was glad, He was angry, He was troubled at times, </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">He prayed, He hurt, He exercised faith, He read
the Scriptures, He hurt when He saw another person’s illness, and He cried when
he saw death.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.3 The Church serving the poor:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle21"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(a)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Importance of evangelism: The church gives first importance to the
ministry of preaching and spreading the gospel. The "great commission"
(Mark</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">16:15-16, Matthew 28:19-20) is the Lord's
primary directive to the church. We can't preach the gospel by ignoring the
poor and needy people. We have to try to help them. The church is the custodian
and propagator of the gospel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle21"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(b)
</span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Caring for
One's Own: The church expects its own members to look after their own and not
burden the church with what is their own duty. The Christians, who are able to
look after their own family members, yet expect the church to provide instead,
are "worse than infidels". The church should not be doing for people what
they can do for themselves.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle21"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(c)
</span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Providing for
Oneself: The church expects individuals to look after themselves and provide
their own needs if they can. People should "eat their own bread"
(2Thessalonians 3:10-14) and "work with their own hands... so as not to be
in any need" (1Thessalonians 4:11-12) and "have something to share
with one who is in need" (Ephesians 4:28). The rule is, "If a man
will not work, neither let him eat" (2Thessalonians 3:10).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
<span class="fontstyle21"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(d)
</span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Urgent and Pressing Needs:
The good works of the church are directed toward urgent and pressing needs, not
to non-essentials. The circumstance that church benevolence addresses is
"a brother or sister without clothing and in need of daily food"
(James 2:15-16) or "the fatherless and the widows in their afflictions"(James
1:27). However, the church listens to Jesus who said, "Only a few things
are necessary" (Luke 10:38-42).</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.2. How can the Church eradicate poverty:</span></b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The church can eradicate poverty in the following ways- </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. The Church tries to build healthy
communities in impoverished areas, oftentimes through hand-outs or one-time
gifts that do not help families out of poverty. By providing work opportunities,
the Church can build communities in Jesus’s name.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Apostles, preaching should be the
priority followed by diaconal work and there should not be any dichotomy in the
church’s mission.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. Awareness building and
encouraging people to meaningfully participate in the life of the national and the political process is the way to contribute to the eradication of poverty rather
than having a petty projects in the village.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. The church should join hands with
others in contributing towards this uprising of the poor.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5. The church should assist in the sustainable production of food. It is not enough to preach only the Good News.
The church should empower the poor so as to enable them to produce their own
food consistently.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7. Christian education and Social change</span></b></span><b><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7.1 Preparing Curriculum to Address the Issue
of poverty<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The history of Christianity in India
clearly points to the fact that the majority of Christians come from a poor </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">socio-economic background. Christian missions in India has always been
involved in working among the poor and the needy. Sadly the church in India is
not informed to take this challenge seriously. The church has many research and
higher educational institutions with high in the secular world for quality of</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
<span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">education. These institutions must undertake
analytical and action-oriented research, building up replicable models
challenging the government, in particular, to apply their minds and resources to
remove poverty. Christian education should be encouraged people to meaningfully
participate in the life of the national and political process by supporting
them as it is one of the ways to contribute to the abolition of poverty.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7.1.1 Educating the local congregation<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Educating the local congregation
through Christian education should also concern for certain issues like
injustice which is one of the main causes of poverty which creates severe the situation of the poor. Including this issue in Christian education can
contribute to the solution of poverty.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">According to Samson Prabhakar
“Learning should be an activity of empowerment and Christian education should
support the activity which can challenge the common perception of the church,
society, and system of education as systems dominion controlling the structural
relations, resources, law, and communications, characterized as tools of
control. ” Christian education should also challenge the economic systems that
controlled by the so-called powerful.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7.1.2 The need for dialogue<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Through dialogue, or interaction
with others, we discover a Social process. According to Freire, commitment to
dialogue that he considered the moment of dialogue to be the moment of
transformation. Freire saw the dialogue of the elite as vertical whereas true dialogue
is the horizontal relationship based on love, respect, and tolerance which </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">encourages liberated learning in all
situations. It implies reciprocal trust and communication between the
educator, who also learns, and the student, who also teaches. Thus, education
becomes a two-way interactive dialogue rather than the unilateral authoritarian
communication of teaching methods in oppressed societies. Therefore, dialogue
should be even more of a message for us Christian educators concerned to make a
difference. In fact, the content of this kind of education cannot be </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">determined in advance through the expertise of
the educator, but instead, must arise from the lived experiences or reality of
the student.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">God’s concern for the poor plays an
important role in our mission. If God identifies the poor and cares for them then
we must also show our concern and care for them. To bring a social change we
must bring change among ourselves as well in our church. Therefore in our
witness, we have to pursue a ministry that also deals with social change in
order to deal with the factors that have created impoverishment. Thus, </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Christian education must have a witness that
addresses the challenges of poverty in bringing about personal and social
transformation so that systems and processes can be changed for common benefit.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span><span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bibliography</span></b></span><span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ahuja, Ram.Social Problems in India. Jaipur:
Rawat Publications, 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Carlton, Mason Harold.The Teaching Task of the Local Church.
Indiana: Light and Life Press, 1960.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Campbell, Wyckoff D.The Task of Christian Education. Philadelphia:
The Westminster Press,1955.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kim C.H. Sebastian and Marak C. Krickwin, eds., Good News to the
poor: the challenge to the church Delhi: ISPCK, 1997.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ninan, George A. Church and Society, Mumbai, Kalpana Printing
House, 2001.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Santa Ana Julio de, Good News to the Poor: the Challenge of the
poor in the History of the Church Lausanne: ISBN, 1977.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Stott, John.New Issues Facing Christians Today. London: Marshall
Pickering, 1984.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Scarpitti, Frank R and Margaret L. Anderson. Social Problems. New
York: Harper and Row, 1989.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span><span class="fontstyle01"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Webliography</span></b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.alreadyam.com/7-incredible-ways-that-jesus-identifies-with-you/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://www.alreadyam.com/7-incredible-ways-that-jesus-identifies-with-you/</span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.simplybible.com/f984.htm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://www.simplybible.com/f984.htm</span></a><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://missionsbox.org/essay/churchs-role-eradicating-poverty/#.WXjNNoiGPIU</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">Ram Ahuja, Social Problems in India (Jaipur: Rawat
Publications, 2011) 27.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">Harold Carlton Mason, The Teaching Task of the Local Church
(Indiana: Light and Life Press, 1960)<br />
18-19.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">D Campbell Wyckoff, The Task of Christian Education,
(Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1955) 19.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">John Stott, New Issues Facing Christians Today (London:
Marshall Pickering, 1984) 269-272.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">Ahuja, Social Problems in India ... 37-41.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">Ahuja, Social Problems in India ... 47.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">Ahuja, Social Problems in India ... 47.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">Frank R. Scarpitti and Margaret L. Anderson, Social
Problems (New York:Harper and Row, 1989) 195</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">Sebastian C.H. Kim and Krickwin C. Marak , eds., Good News
to the poor: the challenge to the church<br />
(Delhi :ISPCK,1997), 35-37</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">Sebastian C.H. Kim and Krickwin C. Marak , eds., Good News
to the poor...41.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">Sebastian C.H. Kim and Krickwin C. Marak , eds., Good News
to the poor...42-49.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">Sebastian C.H. Kim and Krickwin C. Marak , eds., Good News
to the poor...49-50.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">Sebastian C.H. Kim and Krickwin C. Marak , eds., Good News
to the poor...50-52.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">Julio de Santa Ana, Good News to the Poor: the Challenge of
the poor in the History of the Church<br />
(Lausanne: ISBN, 1977), 39-4</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">S<span style="color: black;">ebastian C.H. Kim and Krickwin C. Marak , eds., Good News
to the poor...155-59.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> S<span style="color: black;">ebastian C.H. Kim and Krickwin C. Marak , eds., Good News
to the poor...183-187.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> S<span style="color: black;">ebastian C.H. Kim and Krickwin C. Marak , eds., Good News
to the poor...197.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> S<span style="color: black;">ebastian C.H. Kim and Krickwin C. Marak , eds., Good News
to the poor...211-214.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">an C.H. Kim and Krickwin C. Marak , eds., Good News to the
poor...147-150.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">http://www.alreadyam.com/7-incredible-ways-that-jesus-identifies-with-you/</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">http://www.simplybible.com/f984.htm</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">http://missionsbox.org/essay/churchs-role-eradicating-poverty/#.WXjNNoiGPIU</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">A. George Ninan, Church and Society,(Mumbai, Kalpana
Printing House, 2001), p-269, 277, 278</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">ile:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/1582-12644-1-SM.pdf</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">A.GeorgeNinan, Church and society: Challenges and Responses
in the 21stcentury,(Mumbai:BUILD,2001), 276.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">Ken Ganakan, Learning in an integrated environment
(Bangalore: Theological Book Trust,2007), 122.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">Samson Prabhakar, Essays on Christian Education and
liturgy,(Bangalore: SATHRI,2003), 88.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20Contextual%20Realities-Poverty.docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">Ken Ganakan, Learning in an integrated environment ...,
122.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-87335508713182841212021-07-10T00:49:00.003-07:002021-07-10T00:53:01.786-07:00 “Education for Liberative Praxis: A Basic Orientation to the Contribution of Paulo Freire towards Liberative Praxis.”<p> </p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span class="fontstyle01"><b><span face=""Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; letter-spacing: 5pt; line-height: 115%;">“Education
for Liberative Praxis: A Basic Orientation to the Contribution of Paulo Freire
towards Liberative Praxis.”<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Introduction:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Paulo Freire is perhaps one of the most influential
thinkers about education in the late twentieth century. He has been particularly
popular with informal educators with his emphasis on dialogue and his concern
for the oppressed. We will discuss a basic orientation of
Paulo Freire’s contribution to Education for Liberative praxis. The paper will first
look into the definitions or explanation of some terms followed by a brief life
sketch of Paulo Freire and his works and contributions and then move on to
Paulo Freire’s approaches to Christian religious education in relation to liberative praxis through means
of conscientization, education as banking, praxis, and a participator or
dialogue. It will also look into theological reflection, critical evaluation or
approach- social and biblical and implications keeping in mind the scenario and challenges in the society.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<b>1. Definitions:<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.1. Pedagogy of the Oppressed: </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">‘Pedagogy’ of Paulo Freire means his education of the oppressed.
The pedagogy of the oppressed, which is the pedagogy of people engaged in the fight
for their own liberation and to regain their humanity.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
He presents an interesting interplay between the oppressed and the oppressor
that is actually very paradoxical. One of his paradoxical argument is that oppression leads to dehumanization for both the
oppressed and the oppressor, paradoxical because it seems contradictory to call
the </span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">oppressors less than human yet can also be seen as
perfectly true. Freire further argues that it is the destiny of all of humanity to be fully human. The desire to be fully human eventually leads the
oppressed to battle against the oppressors. However, Freire also warns that the
paradoxical danger in battling against the oppressors is that this battle can
lead the oppressed to soon become the oppressors.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.2. Liberative Praxis</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">According to Freire, liberation can only be achieved through the
praxis of the oppressed, meaning through the habitual practices of the
oppressed because only the oppressed will best understand the need for
liberation. </span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The actions of the oppressed
develop into a praxis when, through their intellect, they come to understand
their complete emotional dependence on the oppressor, then come to understand
that they don't need to be dependent. <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>When
they begin to see themselves as able to be dependent, they see themselves as
strong, capable, intelligent human beings; they "begin to believe in
themselves." This process is intellectual in that it requires
"serious reflection"; it is this reflection that makes liberation a
praxis, a habitual practice since reflection is a continual process. However, liberation
cannot only be an intellectual process; it requires action to make it happen. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Thus, </span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">to
gain true freedom, to restore full humanity, is for the humanity of both the
oppressed and the oppressor to be fully restored through the praxis of the
oppressed. <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. A Brief life sketch of Paulo Freire (1921-1997):<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Paulo Regulus Neves Freire was born in Recife,
Pernambuco, Brazil on September 19, 1921. He was still a young boy when the
Great Depression of 1929 engulfed the world economy and he was pushed into the harsh life of poverty and hunger. This experience seems to have shaped his
concerns for the poor and to construct his particular educational theory-
Pedagogy of the Oppressed.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The life he experienced during his childhood had shaped him to have empathy and
concern for the poor and less fortunate, and was deeply motivated to do
something to make their lives better.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<b>3. Paulo Freire and Christian Education:<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Paulo Freire was a professor and philosopher known for
his work with adult illiterates and for promoting critical pedagogy, a theory , and philosophy of education. In Freire’s view, there is no such thing as
‘neutral’ education. Education can either ‘domesticate’ or ‘liberate’. Freire advocates
a model of a dialogical approach to knowledge.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
He believed that each student has a way of thinking critically and is not a
passive recipient of knowledge or education from a teacher. He studied the
relation between teaching and learning and endorsed that the teacher should
help students in developing freedom of thought that would enable them to use
their knowledge to constructive action.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Paulo Freire was an educator par excellence for revolutionizing the educational
system of our times. He asserted Education is either for domestication or for
freedom.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Paulo propounded his philosophy of education from the modern Marxist and
anti-colonialist thinkers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<b>4. Paulo Freire’s approaches to Christian Religious Education in relation to
Liberative Praxis:<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
4.1. Conscientization: </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Conscientization
is a word coined by Paulo Freire. It simply implies the relationship that
should exist between thinking and acting. To be conscientized means to be able
to discover the reason why things are the way they are. However, this discovery
should be accompanied by transforming action.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Conscientizing enables people to identify agents of oppression and to reform a social reality. It is through education that the awareness of oppression and
the need for liberation is communicated. It represents the development of the
awakening of critical awareness when the oppressed people become aware of
their own potentialities.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<b>4.2. Education as Banking: </b>Paulo Freire uses the analogy of the banking
system to explain the working of the educational system. In this system, the
depositors (teachers) are narrators and the students (receivers) are to learn
only what has been instructed to them and to store them up. Learners thus become the containers that are to be filled by
the teachers. Education thus becomes an act of depositing, in which learners
are the depositories and teachers are the depositors.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
In this concept, the scope of action allowed to the students extends only as far as receiving, filing, and storing the deposits. This approach does not
allow the learners to critically consider their reality.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Colonial education was modeled in a similar way to meet the interest of the
colonial powers. The purpose of education should be to prepare people to think freely, be it a child or an adult.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<b>4.3. Praxis: </b>Paulo Freire contributed the praxis way of knowing to
Christian education. He asserted that if the goal of Christian education is the
liberation of human, then the best way of bringing about change would be the
praxis way of knowing. His approach to education is founded upon three basic philosophical assumptions namely humanization as a basic
human vocation; people as capable of changing their reality; and education as
biased, and never neutral.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<b>4.4. A Participatory/ Dialogical: </b>Dialogue forms an important part of
the Freirean education philosophy.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
He says that dialogue should be characterized by love, humility, hope, faith,
and confidence which would then create a space for critical inquiry.
Transformation of the world can take place only when people encounter each
other in love. This transformation thereby ushers in the process of
humanization. The first step towards such a dialogue is by giving each person
as human beings capable of reasoning and not just as mere containers to be
filled.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<b>5. Theological Reflection:<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Paulo Freire’s elucidation of Liberation Education hinges on
several key points and has proven its significance not only in general
education but also in Christian education. Being attributed as ‘the greatest
living educator, a master, and a teacher,<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Freire always emphasized that conscientization should not be approached
mechanically, but rather as a process of creation and awakening of
consciousness.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> He stated that
“Conscientization implies…that when I realize that I am oppressed, I also know
I can liberate myself if I transform the concrete situation where I find myself
oppressed…conscientization implies a critical insertion into a process, it
implies a historical commitment to make changes.” Freire also speaks of praxis
as reflection and action upon the world in order to transform it. Thus, the
ideas of conscientization and praxis are two possibilities for the human being that form the basis for a
pedagogy of liberation.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>Emmy
J. Rugut and Ahmed A. Osman stated that for Freire, it is a mistake to speak of
reading as solely the decoding of text. Rather, reading is a process of
apprehending power and<br />
causality in society and one's location in it. For Freire, authentic education
is always a "practice of freedom" rather than an alienating
inculcation of skills.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Codification is a way of gathering information in order to build up a picture
(codify) around real situations and real people.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
Decodification is a process whereby the people in a group begin to identify
with aspects of the situation until they feel themselves to be in the situation
and be able to reflect critically upon its various aspects, thus gathering
understanding. It is like a photographer bringing a picture into focus.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Indeed, generative themes
and codifications are in use in institutions of higher learning and this
approach is beneficial if used with the guidance of teachers. Freire’s approach
is therefore useful in today’s world.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
Freire has described ‘conscientization’ as the process of developing a critical
awareness of one’s social reality through reflection and action. Action is
fundamental because it is the process of changing reality. Paulo Freire
says that we all acquire social myths which have a dominant tendency, and so
learning is a critical process that depends upon uncovering real problems and
actual needs.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The idea that “experiences
are lived and not transplanted” is a central tenet of Freire’s philosophy.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Concientization is the key process by which students develop a critical awareness of the world based on the concrete experience of
their everyday lives. The development of critical awareness through
concientization alters power relations between students and teachers, the
colonized and the colonizer, thereby transforming objects of knowledge into
historical subjects (Freire, 1997).<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Freire proposed that a dialogical theory of action based on communication and
cooperation was necessary not only for understanding the mediating role of
historical, colonial and class relations, but also for the active work of changing
them. His attention to naming the world has been of great significance to those
educators who have traditionally worked with those who do not have a voice and
who are oppressed. The idea of building “pedagogy of the oppressed” or a
“pedagogy of hope” and how this may be carried forward has formed a significant
impetus to work. An important element of this, is his concern with
conscientization developing consciousness but consciousness that is understood to have the power to transform reality.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<b>6. Social and Biblical Critical Approach to Paulo Freire:<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Freire's pedagogy is synonymous with critical pedagogy, critical
literacy, dialogical pedagogy and praxis learning. It has contributed to the
development of popular education, participatory action research and
transformative learning theory. Four particular experiences shaped the development
of the man and his pedagogy: childhood poverty, the abandonment of a law career,
"homelessness" in exile, and his later return "to relearn"
his country, Brazil. His insistence that his pedagogy is neither a system nor a
method but an approach that educators must "create anew" in each
context sustains both Freire's mystique and the dialogue among scholars and
practitioners who continue to discover new insights from a pedagogy that
remains dynamic long after his death.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
In the 1960's, Gustavo Gutierrez<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
began moving away from an exclusively academic theology toward a theology focusing
on the realistic living conditions of the poor. Gutierrez asserts that his “A
Theology of Liberation” attempts to determine the proper role of theology in
trying to remain faithful both to the Church and to the poor. He describes his
theology as "critical reflection on Christian praxis in the light of the
Word." Furthermore, Gutierrez has used the pedagogy of Freire in
developing and expanding his liberation theology. Freire insists that theory and praxis cannot be separated. His “Metodo<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Paulo Freire” was a literacy program used to teach ‘Campesinos<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
to read and write. Freire attributes the success of this method to his concept
of conscientization. Freire's ideas stem from the Young Christian Workers, and
it was from Freire's pedagogy that the Movement for Basic Education developed.
This Basic Education Movement, in turn, influenced the growth and development
of the theologies of Gutierrez and the Christian communities.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
Freire expressed his ideology as equal parts Jesus Christ and Karl Marx. He
rejected both a magical Christianity of divine intervention, which led to
passivity on the part of the poor, and a theology of social service, which
sought only to alleviate the suffering of the poor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Instead, he advocated a spirituality of human action aimed at
dismantling oppressive forces and structures. Although he often expressed
frustration and disappointment with the institutional church’s failure to take
up the prophetic call for the revolutionary transformation of society, he maintained close ties with many Catholic clergy, particularly
those associated with Liberation Theology.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Liberation Theologians focus their reflection on the relationship between the
gospel and social justice and formulate an active Christian theology which manifests as political activism on behalf of the poor. This theology emphasizes
the concept that God has a "preferential option for the poor" that
must be carried out in Christian praxis—that the grace and salvation of Jesus
can be understood through the situation of the poor. Gutiérrez, in his essay “Renewing the Option for the Poor” touches on several points that
are also contained in Freire’s concept of Liberation Education. He stresses the
importance of solidarity, that the realities of poverty must be seen and
transformed, that the poor must be brought out of anonymity, and that they must
participate in their own salvation and cure. Liberation Theology sees this type
of self-actualization as part of God's divine purpose for humankind whereas Freire,
from a more secular perspective, might call the process of self-actualization
human potential rather than divine purpose. It seems plausible to assert that
Freire’s Liberation Education is a practical, secular manifestation of
Liberation Theology.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Thus, it is evident that through Paulo Freire’s work and legacy, the Christian
faith and perspective is reflected in many<br />
ways.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<b>7. Implication:<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">In our present context where we see issues in various
forms, the need for a reformation in the education sector is the need of the
hour. The same applies for the transformation that can come in society
through this. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Paulo Freire outlines
a theory of oppression and the source of liberation. In Freire's view, the key
to liberation is the awakening of critical awareness and the thinking process
in the individual. This happens through a new type of education, one which creates
a partnership between the teacher and the student, empowering the student to
enter into a dialogue and begin the process of humanization through thought and
its correlative, action. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">When
read through a biblical filter, there is still much that the church can learn
from Freire. It is, after all, easy to turn people in our churches into passive
receptacles of biblical information. Freire reminds us that in our teaching the
retention of information is at best one of the priority goals. The truth we
teach is a transformative truth, and we must treat it as such. Moreover, Freire
rightly emphasizes that good teachers will lift the curtain on reality and
reveal to people the forces that are working to subjugate them. Also, that this
is often best done in dialogue where students and teachers come humbly ready to
learn from each other can hardly be doubted. Freire education is focused on
this purpose that it is necessary to attempt to educate oppressed people. He
believes that oppressed people have not any critical thinking power because of
different reasons. This is why that he attempted to encourage them toward critical
thinking through different methods. From his perspective, the basic purpose of
education is to achieve critical awareness which enables individuals to pave
the ground for their progress. The context and environment we are in may stand
as a challenge to achieve certain levels and also in the light of doing
education for liberative praxis. However, we must understand the ground reality
of the people and strife towards transforming and uplifting them, bringing them
out of being oppressed or deprived of their rights. As Christian educators, one
must know the importance of imparting Christian education to the people and how
it can transform them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<b>Conclusion:<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">From what we have seen, education is more of a dialogue
rather than just a one-way teaching and learning method. The basic idea of
education should be understood from the level that it would give freedom to
thoughts and not enslave them with the way they are being taught. Freire's
ideas on education reveal a new way of looking at education and social change.
Freire has given literacy and education in general, the mission of awakening in
people, a critical conscience that enables people not only to know what needs
changing but be fully human, which is the right of every person and not for
only the privileged few. It is this consciousness that creates the will or the
motivation in people to struggle for social change.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
<b>Bibliography:<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Darder, A. <i>Reinventing Paulo Freire</i>. Boulder,
Co: Westview Press, 2002.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Freire, Paulo. "The Adult Literacy Process as Cultural Action for Freedom
and Education and Conscientizacao." In <i>Perspectives on Literacy</i>.
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Southern Illinois University Press, 1988.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Freire, Paulo. <i>Education for Critical Consciousness. </i>New York: Seabury,
1973.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Freire, Paulo. <i>Pedagogy of Hope</i>. New York: Continuum, 1994.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Freire, Paulo. <i>Pedagogy of the Oppressed</i>. London: Penguin, 1996.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Freire, Paulo. "The Adult Literacy Process as Cultural Action for Freedom
and Education and Conscientizacao."In <i>Perspectives on Literacy</i>, ed.
Eugene R. Kintgen, Barry M. Kroll, and Mike Rose. Carbondale, IL: Southern
Illinois University Press, 1988.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Gadotti, M. <i>Reading Paulo Freire: His Life and Work. </i>New York: SUNY
Press, 1994.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Gutierrez, Gustavo. <i>A Theology of Liberation. </i>Maryknoll: Orbis, 1988.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Gnanakan, Ken. <i>Learning in an Integrated Environment. </i>Bangalore:
Theological Book Trust,2007.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Hooks, B. <i>Teaching to Transgress</i>. New York: Routledge, 1994.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Mayo, P. <i>Gramsci, Freire, and Adult Education: Possibilities for
Transformative Action</i>. London: Zed Books, 1999.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Mclaren, P. <i>Che Guevara, Paulo Freire, and the Pedagogy of Revolution</i>.
New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
Mithra, H. G. <i>Wesley’s Philosophy of Education for Socio-Spiritual Change</i>.
New Delhi: Christian World Imprints, 2016.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mithra,
H. G. <i>Paulo Freire’s Educational Theory and Approach: A Critique</i>, in
Indian Journal of Theology, Vol. 55, No. 2. Kolkata: NIIPGTS, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Prabhakar, Samson. <i>Essays on Christian Education and Liturgy. </i>Bangalore:
SATHRI, 2003.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Rugut, Emmy J. and Osman, Ahmed A. “Reflection on Paulo Freire and Classroom Relevance”,
<i>American International Journal of Social Science, </i>Vol. 2, No. 2. March
2013.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
Taylor, Paul V. <i>The Texts of Paulo Freire. </i>Buckingham: Open University
Press, 1993.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Webliography:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">https://selforganizedseminar.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/freire_pedagogy_oppresed1.pdf
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-does-paulo-freire-mean-when-says-liberation-<br />
518639 .<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 2.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">www.aijssnet.com/journas/vol-2-No-2-March-2013/3/3.pdf
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
Roberta Clare, <i>Paulo Freire </i>available online at<br />
</span><a href="http://www.talbot.edu/ce20/educators/catholic/paulo_freire"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://www.talbot.edu/ce20/educators/catholic/paulo_freire</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
Marcia Marie Druliner, “Gutierrez's Theology and Freire's Pedagogy with
Implications for Christian Education”. Available online at<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
http://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations/AAI9305995. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/paulo-freire"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/paulo-freire</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span><a href="http://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations/AAI9305995"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations/AAI9305995</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
http://www.talbot.edu/ce20/educators/ catholic/paulo_freire.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/paulo-freire.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://selforganizedseminar.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/freire_pedagogy_oppresed1.pdf</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-does-paulo-freire-mean-when-says-liberation-518639</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-does-paulo-freire-mean-when-says-liberation-518639</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-does-paulo-freire-mean-when-says-liberation-518639</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H. G Mithra, <i>Wesley’s
Philosophy of Education for Socio-Spiritual Change</i>, (New Delhi: Christian
World</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Imprints,
2016), 156.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Peter Mayo,
Liberating Praxis: Paulo Freire’s legacy for Education and Praxis,</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">https://www.sensepublishers.com/media/605-liberating-praxis.pdf</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Emmy J. Rugnet,
Reflection on Paulo F. & Classroom Reflection,
www.aijssnet.com/journas/vol-2-No-2-</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">March-2013/3/3.pdf</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H. G Mithra, <i>Wesley’s
Philosophy of Education for Socio-Spiritual Change</i>…, 158.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H. G. Mithra, <i>Wesley’s
Philosophy of Education for Socio-Spiritual Change</i>…, 159</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H. G. Mithra, <i>Wesley’s
Philosophy of Education for Socio-Spiritual Change</i>…, 159</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H. G. Mithra, <i>Wesley’s
Philosophy of Education for Socio-Spiritual Change</i>…, 168</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H. G. Mithra, <i>Paulo
Freire’s Educational Theory and Approach: A Critique</i>, in Indian Journal of
Theology,</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Vol. 55,
No. 2 (Kolkata: NIIPGTS, 2013), 41.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ken Gnanakan, <i>Learning
in an Integrated Environment, </i>(Bangalore: Theological Book Trust, 2007),
118</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Samson Prabhakar, <i>Essays
on Christian Education and Liturgy, </i>(Bangalore: SATHRI, 2003), 121</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H. G. Mithra, <i>Wesley’s
Philosophy of Education for Socio-Spiritual Change…, </i>186.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H. G. Mithra, <i>Paulo
Freire’s Educational Theory and Approach: A Critique…, </i>54.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paul V. Taylor, <i>The
Texts of Paulo Freire, </i>(Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993), 1</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paulo Freire,
"The Adult Literacy Process as Cultural Action for Freedom and Education
and</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Conscientizacao."In
<i>Perspectives on Literacy</i>, ed. Eugene R. Kintgen, Barry M. Kroll, and Mike
Rose</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Carbondale,
IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1988), 398–409.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paulo Freire, <i>Pedagogy
of the Oppressed</i>, (London: Penguin, 1996), 25-51.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Emmy J. Rugut and
Ahmed A. Osman, “Reflection on Paulo Freire and Classroom Relevance”, <i>American</i></span><i><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">International
Journal of Social Science, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Vol. 2, No. 2 (March 2013): 25.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">P. Mclaren, <i>Che
Guevara, Paulo Freire, and the Pedagogy of Revolution</i>, (New York: Rowman
& Littlefield,</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2000),
89.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paulo Freire, <i>Education
for Critical Consciousness, </i>(New York: Seabury, 1973), 53.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">M. Gadotti, <i>Reading
Paulo Freire: His Life and Work, </i>(New York: SUNY Press, 1994), 37.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Emmy J. Rugut and
Ahmed A. Osman, “Reflection on Paulo Freire and Classroom Relevance…., 27</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paul V. Taylor, <i>The
Texts of Paulo Freire…., </i>4.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Roberta Clare, <i>Paulo
Freire </i>available online at
http://www.talbot.edu/ce20/educators/catholic/paulo_freire.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gustavo
Gutierrez (born June 8, 1928 in Lima, Peru) is a Roman Catholic theologian and
Dominican priest who</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">is
considered the father of liberation theology, which emphasizes a Christian duty
to aid the poor and oppressed</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">through
involvement in civic and political affairs</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">‘Metodo’ is the
Portuguese term for ‘method’.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">‘Campesinos’ are the
peasant farmers of Spain or the Spanish-speaking countries.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Marcia Marie
Druliner, “Gutierrez's Theology and Freire's Pedagogy with Implications for
Christian</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Education”.
Available online at
http://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations/AAI9305995.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/paulo-freire.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Education%20for%20Liberative%20Praxis-%20Paulo%20Freire.docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gustavo Gutierrez, <i>A
Theology of Liberation, </i>(Maryknoll: Orbis, 1988), 10-11.</span></p>
</div>
</div>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-7573122673025514612021-07-10T00:43:00.011-07:002021-07-10T00:51:36.533-07:00Christian Education and Dalit/Tribal/Adivasi Liberation<p> </p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span face=""Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 20pt; letter-spacing: 6pt; line-height: 115%;">Christian
Education and Dalit/Tribal/Adivasi Liberation</span></span><span face=""Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 20pt; letter-spacing: 6pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Introduction<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b><span class="fontstyle11"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The socio-economic and political reality of the subalterns as well as
Paulo Friere’s perspective on the liberative role of Christian education will
be examined. Further, the biblical basis and theological paradigm of Christian
education’s liberative role on the marginalized will be delved painstakingly.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><b><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Understanding the Terms</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Subaltern</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle11"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In his </span></span><span class="fontstyle31"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The Modern
Prince </span></span><span class="fontstyle11"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">and </span></span><span class="fontstyle31"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The Prison Notebooks</span></span><span class="fontstyle11"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">, Gramsci
defines the subaltern as those classes subordinated by hegemony and excluded
from any meaningful role in a regime of power.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle11"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> Antonio
Gramsci, who coined the term Subaltern defines it as ‘The subaltern have no independent
space from which to articulate their voice because hegemony conditions them to believe
in the dominant values. Gramsci believed that the intellectual has the
responsibility to “search out signs of subaltern initiative and class
consciousness and effective political</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span class="fontstyle11"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">action”.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle11"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>2.
Contextual Realities the Subalterns</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fontstyle11"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The concept
of empowerment is crucial for the subalterns. This is so because their </span></span><span class="fontstyle11"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">development
and their future is centred on their agency with revolutionary implications.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle11"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="fontstyle11"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A lot of
effort has been made to make the subaltern people to speak and break their
silence. In Indian context unfortunately, although such efforts has been made,
they never found a respectful place within the societal structure, especially
the oppressive structure of Hinduism.</span></span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="fontstyle11"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="fontstyle11"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Subaltern
history captured the pain and suffering of the subordinate group of people. It
is the history of the oppressed and the marginalized. It is the history of the sons/daughters
of the soil, the working class, and the less fortunate ones. However, as their history
get the attention, now they are started moving from the periphery to the
centre. The </span></span><span class="fontstyle11"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Tribal
and Dalit are the most misinterpreted groups of people in India and this </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">misunderstanding continues even now they
are often regarded as unsophisticated, backward and illiterate, and even
uncivilized, although today these groups challenge such perspectives and
prejudice.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1.Issues of the Subaltern Group</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1.1. The Land Alienation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The history of land alienation among the
tribes began during British colonial rule in India when the British interfered
in the tribal region for the purpose of exploiting the tribal natural resources.
Land is the source of sustainable livelihood and food for almost half the
world’s population. An estimated 45% of the world’s population still makes its
living from land (Rural Development Institute, 2001). Coupled with this tribal
and Dalit lands were occupied by moneylenders, zamindars, and traders by
advancing them loans, etc. over and above the land of tribals and Dalits are
being taken away for setting up development projects, industrial concerns,
forests conservation, etc. Opening of mines in the heart of the people habitat
and although factories provided wage labor and employment opportunity to
certain extend.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> However as
a result of this, in fact, has brought increasing destitution, displacement and the
tribal ecology and tribal life of the people was greatly disturbed.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1.2. Social Alienation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The very root cause of the social
alienation of the subaltern is from the strictly hierarchized varna system
whereby they are considered the lowest and/or the panchamas or the non-castes group.
The very nature of the social classification in the hierarchy of the caste system
alienates them from dignified and equal social transactions. By virtue of their
social status, they are deprived of many socio-economic opportunities and
privileges. The idea of purity and pollution debars them from mingling freely
with the higher caste group members, and also </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">the non-castes are
looked down upon and discriminated. There are significant incidences and events
in the society that speaks volumes about the unspeakable deplorable social
condition of the subalterns in India.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1.3. Poverty<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The majority of the subaltern groups live
under the poverty line. Most of the occupation falls into the primary occupations
such as hunting, gathering, and agriculture. Poverty is a state or condition in
which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials to enjoy
a minimum standard of life and well-being. Land reform may affect production
directly by influencing the incentives and motivations of farmers and,
indirectly, by influencing the distribution of income power in the rural
sector. The indirect effects of land reform will be felt much later than the
direct effects.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Most of them live under abject poverty and are in debt </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">because they are under
the control of the local moneylenders and Zamindars. In order to repay their
debts, they often mortgage or sell their land to the moneylenders. As a consequence
indebtedness is almost inevitable since heavy interest had to be paid to these moneylenders.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1.4. Education<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Educationally the subaltern population
was lacking, this had always been a matter of great concern for the society as
it had a negative impact on the development of the people. Earlier Government
had no direct programme for their education. But in the subsequent years, the reservation
policy has made some changes. There are many reasons for the low level of education
among the people such as; the poor socio-economic condition, and it is not easy
for the families to send their children to schools, as they are considered
extra helping hands. Lack of political will and administrative commitment
to provide adequate primary and secondary education. The formal schools do not
hold any special interest for the children. Most of the tribes are located in the interior and remote areas where teachers would not like to go </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">from outside. Besides
these probable superstitions and their world view too can play an important
role in rejecting education as they might see that education is not necessary
for them.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3. </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Liberative role of Christian Education<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">We shall here look into Paulo Frere’s
perspective on the liberative role of Christian</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">education. After
closely studying and observing his Pedagogy of the Oppressed some of his few
commendations can be made as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1. </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Christian education should address the concrete historical situation of persons. It is concerned with contextualizing
education and theology by drawing out the</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">implications of our
faith and the need for a response.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2. It should emphasize a
service-oriented salvation and education.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3. It should provide insights for
Christian educators, and how to educate for advocacy and social action and how
to raise the social consciousness of Christians to the realities that needs of
persons in other cultural contexts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4. It should take seriously the need to
demonstrate an incarnational theology, one that is lived out. It seeks to
relate faith to life.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">5. It affirms the Biblical emphasis on
the poor and the oppressed in Christian ministry.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">6. It focuses on the the humanity of Christ in reaction to an exclusive emphasis on his deity.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">7. It encourages a
critical awareness that the western world is part of the global problem of
oppression and injustice.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">8. It emphasizes that Christian
education is prophetic education, challenging oppressive social structures by
questioning those programmes and techniques of education that neither social
and corporate implication of the gospel nor question the status quo nor developing
Christian consciousness of the global context of oppression while leading Christians
to construct new and faithful lifestyles.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">9. It stresses the need
for structural and social transformation as well as the personal transformation/redemption
inherent in the gospel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">To bring about
transformation means of a practical application which includes reflection and action
upon the world is necessary.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The correct method for a revolutionary leadership to employ in the
task of liberation lies in dialogue. The conviction of the oppressed that they must
fight for their liberation is not a gift bestowed by the revolutionary
leadership, but the result of their own conscientization. The revolutionary
leaders must realize that their own conviction of the necessity for the struggle
was not given to them by anyone else- if it is </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">authentic.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">For Paulo Freire
education for liberation implies the political organization of the oppressed to
achieve power and to have a new kind of education that takes reality and the potential of each member of society seriously.</span></span></div><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Biblical and Theological Basis of Christian Education for
Subaltern Liberation</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1. Biblical Paradigm<o:p></o:p></span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Jose Severino Croatto presented the
Exodus from Egypt as a paradigm of liberation from slavery. Exodus is read both
on a symbolic level and in social and political dimensions. The text speaks of
slaves who cried out to God in pain and were liberated, which speaks loud of God
of the Bible and His project for humanity. The exodus event installs hope for the
afflicted.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> God
embraces each one of us and the whole of creation with unquenchable, intimate , and inconceivable overflowing and ever-flowing love. Humanity is invited into
the realm of overflowing and ever-flowing love by expressing with God who seeks
creation’s liberation from all forms of oppression, exploitation, and exclusion.
They are assured of redemption </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">from the life-negating
forces breathing into them emancipating, life-transforming, and liberative
spirit. The God of the bible has a special kind of caring for all and is
present with the most vulnerable and the excluded. Jesus of Nazareth embodies
this God whose righteousness is visible and known in history which is ongoing,
flourishing, and sustaining for the present and future generation. This vision
entails a radical challenge to current socioeconomic disequilibria and
barriers.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span>
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The valley of bones in
Ezekiel 37:1-14, where Ezekiel sees piles of bones who were crushed, mutilated,
and murdered (Subaltern) in exile. This image parallels the context of
Subalterns who undergo pains and pathos inflicted by the caste system continue to linger. The valley of bones and the terrains of subaltern show
equally same imageries. Ezekiel 37:1-14 also is otherwise called as “the valley
of vision.” The fact is that the setting shows no more doom, but hope, so that
everyone will have life in full. The spirit of God comes and the dry </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">bones come back to
life. This passage is indeed hoping generating and empowerment oriented.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">It instills hope for the Subaltern to
continue over and against all odds with an assurance of liberation from
exploitation and oppression. Likewise, John 10:10 says, “I have come to say that
you may have life and life in full.” For the subalterns, this is yet another
assurance that the coming of Jesus in human form extends all the possibilities
that those who have been treated as a sub and lesser humans shall have life in
full. It is all-inclusive and all-embracing as it takes into consideration both
the qualitative and quantitative dimensions.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2.Theological Paradigm<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The question that confronts liberation
theologians is how to live a good Christian life in the midst of oppression and
suffering of the people? Can we be the true follower of Jesus Christ when we
ignore and pass by the poor and marginalized of the society as a priest and
Levite did (Luke 10:29-32)? In this sense following of Jesus Christ means a commitment
to accomplishing his mission of liberation. Guiterrez has expressed that, “a
spirituality of liberation will centre on a conversion to the neighbor, the
oppressed person, the exploited class, the despised class, the dominated
country.” But they do not fail to see the interconnectedness of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">action and meditation.
A. F. McGovern rightly explains that liberation spirituality involves both a
call to follow Jesus in working for and with the poor, but also a profound
reflection on what all Christians can learn about God from the poor. For
liberation theologians, liberating commitment corresponds to an authentic spiritual experience in the original, biblical sense of the term: it is living
in the spirit who causes us to acknowledge ourselves in a free and creative way
to be sons and daughters of the Father and brothers and sisters to each other. Commitment
to liberation arises from the deep spiritual experience, for such commitment is </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">possible only in the
encounter with God. It is sad that Christians are in some way divided into two
camps: those who emphasize social action and those who emphasize contemplation.
An authentic integration needs to occur because Christian actions should be inspired
and governed by the love of God. Sobrino rightly said, “We are called upon not
just to imitate the liberating praxis of Jesus Christ, but also to discover and
to take on the Spirit of his praxis.”<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Sebastian Kappen specifically has articulated a Dalit Christology in which
Jesus’ liberative </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">actions among the
marginalized of Galilee continue with the quest for the Dalit’s liberation in India.
For Kappen, Jesus is a prophet who models the “praxis of subversion” that
liberates the Dalits from oppression by the upper caste, as well as
exploitation by global capitalism.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Reflection and conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Subalterns are a historically wronged group of people who have
been suffering social alienation, injustice, and oppression; economic
deprivation and marginalization; political oppression and exploitation; and
educational discrimination, and so on. They are at the receiving end of the
social system and structure and the system itself perpetuates this deplorable
and unjust condition. Christianity with its gospel of salvation at the core of
its message needs to play a key role in redeeming humanity in its entirety
holistically- not just the soul but the body and it's needs. We need to practice
not just meditative Christianity but </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">also an action-oriented
Christianity. In doing so, the role of Christian education becomes very significant.
It needs to go deep down to the historical context and reality of the community
it is serving, and bring about conscientization of the people. Recognizing the
realities and struggles of the historical and cultural context, Christian
education needs to constantly work for the progressive transformation of society. It is biblically an imperative and theologically a necessity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Bibliography</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Atabaki, Touraj. <i>Subaltern:
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2007.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Botta, Alejandro F & Pablo R
Andinash, Edts. <i>The Bible and the Hermeneutics of Liberation</i>. Atlanta:
SBL, 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Freire, Paulo. <i>Pedagogy of the
Oppressed</i>. New York: The Seabury Press, 1974.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ghosh, Amrita, ed.. <i>Subaltern
Vision: A Study in Postcolonial Indian English Text.</i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Cambridge: Cmbridge
Scholars Publishing, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Jesurathnam, Kondasingu et. al. Edts. <i>Liberation
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Thanzauva, K. Transforming Theology.
Bangalore: ATC, 2002.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Thomas, V.V. <i>Dalit and Tribal
Christians of India: Issues and Challenges</i>. Kerala: Focus India Trust,
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Thomas, V.V. <i>Understanding Subaltern
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</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BTESSC/Sathri, 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Torre, Miguel A. <i>Introducing
Liberative Theologies</i>. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 2015.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Wilfred, Felix<i>.
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</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Journals<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Prakasham, Gnana.
“Tribal and Their Right to Livelihood.” <i>Tribal Issues in India. </i>Edited
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Prasad, K.N. “Abolition of Rural
Poverty.” <i>Social Action </i>Vol. 24/1 (Jan-March, 1974): 1-2.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dasan, A.S. “Poverty and Inequality in
India Today.” <i>Journal of Dharma </i>20 (Jan-March, 1995): 80-81.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mahanti,
Neeti “Access to Education in the Tribal Areas: A Challenge.” <i>Tribal Issues
in India. </i>Edited by D.C. Sah & Yatindra Singh Sisodia. New Delhi: Rawat
Publication, 2004, 139-143.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Touraj Atabaki, <i>Subaltern:
Modernization Society and the State. </i>(New York: I. B. Tauris Publishers,
2007),</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">26.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Touraj Atabaki, <i>Subaltern:
Modernization Society and the State. </i>(New York: I. B. Tauris Publishers,
2007),</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">26.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Felix Wilfred<i>,
Dalit Empowerment </i>(Delhi: ISPCK, 2007), 1.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">V.V. Thomas, <i>Dalit
and Tribal Christians of India: Issues and Challenges </i>(Kerala: Focus India
Trust, 2014),</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">195.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">V.V. Thomas, <i>Understanding
Subaltern History: Theoritical Tools </i>(Bangalore: BTESSC/Sathri, 2006),
14,16</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gnana
Prakasham,“Tribal and Their Right to Livelihood,” T<i>ribal Issues in India, </i>edited
by D.C. Sah &</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yatindra
Singh Sisodia (New Delhi: Rawat Publication, 2004), 71, 72,80.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gnana
Prakasham,“Tribal and Their Right to Livelihood,” T<i>ribal Issues in India, </i>edited
by D.C. Sah &</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yatindra
Singh Sisodia (New Delhi: Rawat Publication, 2004), 71, 72,80.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gnana Prakasham,“Tribal
and Their Right to Livelihood,” T<i>ribal Issues in India, </i>edited by D.C.
Sah &</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yatindra
Singh Sisodia (New Delhi: Rawat Publication, 2004), 71, 72,80.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A.S. Dasan, “Poverty
and Inequality in India Today,” <i>Journal of Dharma </i>20 (Jan-March, 1995),
80-81.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Neeti Mahanti,
“Access to Education in the Tribal Areas: A Challenge,” T<i>ribal Issues in
India, </i>edited by D.C.</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sah
& Yatindra Singh Sisodia (New Delhi: Rawat Publication, 2004), 139-143.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paulo Freire, <i>Pedagogy
of the Oppressed </i>(New York: The Seabury Press, January 1974) p-31-35.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paulo Freire, <i>Pedagogy
of the Oppressed </i>...36.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paulo Freire, <i>Pedagogy
of the Oppressed </i>...53-54.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alejandro F Botta
& Pablo R Andinash, <i>The Bible and the Hermeneutics of Liberation</i>,
(Atlanta: SBL,</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2009) 4.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kondasingu
Jesurathnam et. al., <i>Liberation Hermeneutics in the Indian Interpretation of
the Bible</i>,</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Bangalore:
SBSI, 2012) 92.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kondasingu
Jesurathnam et. al., <i>Liberation Hermeneutics in the Indian Interpretation of
the Bible</i>,</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Bangalore:
SBSI, 2012) 93-95</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">K Thanzauva,
Transforming Theology, (Bangalore: ATC, 2002) 264</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Christian%20Education%20and%20DalitTribalAdivasi%20Liberation.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Miguel A Torre, <i>Introducing
Liberative Theologies</i>, (Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 2015) 215</span></p>
</div>
</div>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-74176993915411695822021-07-09T02:36:00.007-07:002021-07-09T02:37:21.075-07:00Education and Christian Education<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: courier; font-size: large;"><a name="_Toc486967479"></a></span><a name="_Toc486965901"><b><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: courier; font-size: large;">Education
and Christian Education</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></a></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: medium;">Definition of Education <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-IN">The meaning of the word ‘educate’ is to draw out. It comes from the
root <i>‘educare’</i> which means to bring
out that which is hidden. It is known to be loosely used as meaning ‘to
instruct’ as well as ‘to train’. To train is to mould the student according to
the plan of the teacher so that student does little in the way of exercising
individual thinking.</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span lang="EN-IN"> Christian education, in its right perspective, is the harmonious,
all round development of the individual stressing the means of helping person
grow in the pattern of Jesus Christ. It is also education within a social
process, and the community is the Christian home on the one hand the church as
a redemptive fellowship on the other.</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Education is the most important development of
mankind and humanity. It is more important medicine, weapons and even of
language, because language too was the product of his education. Man without
education would still be living just like an animal. It is education which
transformed man from a mere two-legged animal into human. It helps him to
behave like a man and prevents him from behaving like an animal.</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> The behavioral changes must be directed
towards a desirable end. They should be acceptable socially, culturally and
comically and result in a change in knowledge, skill, attitude and
understanding. With the development of society; education has taken many shapes,
such as child education, adult education, technical education, health
education, physical education and so on. </span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h1><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: medium;">Christian Education</span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Etymologically the word education can offer a
significant clue to the nature of the activity of education itself. The English
word education comes from the latin word <i>ducare</i>
(and its cognate <i>ducere</i>), meaning “to
lead,” and the prefix e, meaning “out.” At its root meaning, then education is
an activity of “leading out.”<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Learning is an important part of Christian
pilgrimage, and learning is perhaps best understood in the light of the model
Jesus gives of apprentices learning from the master in an active and personal
way. The Hebrew-Christian tradition is committed to moral education to enable
people to love and serve both God and neighbour. The family in OT is the context in which
God’s law is taught (Duet. 6:1-7).<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Thus, Christian Education according to Nevin
C. Harner, “is a reverent attempt to discover the divinely ordained process by
which individual grow toward Christlikeness, and to work with that process.”<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
In simple sense Christian Education can be also described as the synthesizing
of all knowledge in the light of the Christian revelation.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967483"></a><a name="_Toc486965903"><span lang="EN-IN">Theological basis for Christian Education</span></a></span></h1>
<h2 style="break-after: avoid; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after: avoid; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967484"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Old
Testament</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 150%;">In OT God
was projected as the first teacher. He utilized the means of education to make
himself known to people. God used law to educate people. His aim was to make
himself known to other people. The particular Jewish race was given norms laws
and commandments. He structured socio, ethical, religious, spiritual life of
Jewish people, Deut. 6: 4 – 9. Through their life God wanted other people and
nations to know God. The greatest commandment he gave to people is basic of
Jewish faith which was to be passed on to generations through traditions and
rituals and festivals.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967485"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1.1.</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Family</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 150%;">The
Hebrew was the devout religious race and education was religious in nature or
education was in the means of religious education. The family was the
educational unit and parents as their teacher. Example, Moses gave educational
mandate charging the parents with the religious instruction of their children (Duet.
6:7). It was at home religious instruction. Here we find parents have taken
commandments very seriously. Teaching in home was Gods basic plan for the
family. In the family God’s will was to be made known to the child and must
have been resulted in practice. In Jewish family recitation of shema was
important (Deut 6: 4 – 9). This was foundation to all Hebrew and Jewish belief.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967486"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1.2.</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Synagogue</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Synagogue was a place of
instruction as well as worship. The classes were daily conducted for children
on Sabbath and on market days special services for adult were held. There
developed a class of religious leaders, the scribes were interpret the
scripture and teacher as well. This was provided for the instruction of boys
between the age of 6 and 16. And the teachers were the scribes. However, there
were conditions.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967487"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1.3.</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Patriarchal period (Abraham to Joseph; (Gen
12 – 18)</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 150%;">God chose
Abraham to teach his children and households after him and assist his
descendants to know God and transmit God path. At that time means of education
was natural and informal. Obedience was taught. That time law was not given.
Vocational responsibility was learned by watching parents and they slowly built
altars to worship God. Children learned culture and covenant.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967488"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1.4.</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Priests</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 150%;">Priests
were agents of people before God and they were known as national teachers. They
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">read the
Torah once in seven years (Duet. 4: 10 – 30). They performed various duties,
such as to </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">advice people
by performing sacrifices and ceremonies they were communicating the will of
God. Priests teach people how to worship of every sacrifice, simple ceremony,
symbols and rituals were the basis to give the feeling and attitude of God.
Also train new Levites concerning the sacrifice, rituals, ceremonies, festival
duties. And interpret God’s will for human being and teach people how to live
together. Priests have to heal the sick by performing ritual.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967489"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1.5.</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prophets</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 150%;">Prophets
were agents to God on behalf of people. Prophets were necessary to bring people
to right conduct. They were stern guardians of individuals. They regarded,
guided and taught people on national conduct and statesmanship and revealed
true nature and character of God. They were also known as soul of Israel and
brought God’s massage to people. They objected wrong behaviour, denounced
oppression, injustice and also spoke to leaders and kings, demonstrated and
taught through symbolic lessons. (Jer. 13: 1 – 7). The God centred was the
education during prophet’s time. They proclaim people, to repent and turn from
sin and led them towards vindication and reconciliation. They made people
understand righteousness is right of God and they also taught to observe
religious festivals and rituals.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="break-after: avoid; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after: avoid; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967490"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">New
Testament</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jesus was the master of
education. During His educational program there were no classroom and
schedules. It was through apprenticeship (traineeship). Jesus taught the
multitude; during meal time as well as period of prayer. Jesus had divided and
sends his disciple two by two to teach people with instruction. They were their
home and synagogue schools and memorized large portions of the Scripture. But
Jesus inserts to the old tests saying ‘you have heard that it was said…but I
say unto you Mathew 5:21, 22.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967491"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.1.</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Content of Jesus teaching</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 150%;">The
content of Jesus teaching were, Social issues eschatological, spiritual, Faith,
Kingdom of God, relationship between commandments, righteousness, moral and
ethics, reciprocal of law, Prayer, forgiveness of sin, worshiping, etc.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967492"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.2.</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Methods</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 150%;">The
methods of Jesus teaching were simple and ordinary use of human life, such as
comparison, poetry, personal touch, stories, Parables, discussion, debate,
healing forgiving sins, loving, casting out demons, preaching, teaching signs, miracles,
metaphors, object visions, coin, sheep tree, fruit, vine, mustard seed etc,
touching, action, washing feet , authoritative speaking, dialogue, question and
answer, riddles. <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967493"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.3.</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Purpose</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The purpose of teaching
during Jesus movement were Kingdome of God, salvation, eternity, understand
father through him, to make understand God the father and Holy Spirit,
righteousness, repentance, reconciliation between god and man<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="_Toc486967494"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.4.</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pupils</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Jesus
pupils were sinners, tax collectors, women, Pharisees, prostitutes, fishermen,
intellectuals, Samaritans, gentiles, Rich, young, children, sick, untouchable,
scholars.</span><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[18]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><strong style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></p>
<div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> Vimala Paulus,
Introducing Christian Education, (Madras; CLS: 1986.) pg 1-2.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> Randolph Crump
Miller, Education for Christian living (New York; Prentice Hall: 1957)pg 53<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> Ramesh Ghanta,
Foundations of Education, (New Delhi: Neelkamal Publications Pvt. Ltd,2011)pg 6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">
http://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=7&topicid=524<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;">
Thomas H. Groome, <i>Christian religious
education: sharing our story and vision</i> (San Francisco: Harper & Row.
1980), 5.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;">
David Atkinson, <i>New Dictionary of
Christian Ethics and Pastoral Theology</i> (Leicester: Inter- Varsity Press.
1995), 335.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;">
Nevin C. Harner, Educational<i> work of the
church</i> (New York: Abingdon Press. c.1939),20.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;">
http://archive.churchsociety.org/churchman/documents/Cman_057_2_Perfect.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Peter P. Person, <i>An Introduction To Christian Education</i>
(Michigan: Baker Book House, 1958), 22.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Ibid …, 23.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Ibid …, 22.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Kenneth O. Gangel and Warren S.
Benson, <i>Christian Education: Its History
and Philosophy</i> (Chicago: Moody Press,1943), 24.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Kenneth O. Gangel and Warren S.
Benson, <i>Christian Education: Its History
and Philosophy</i> (Chicago: Moody Press,1943), 25.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Ibid…, 24.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Clarence H. Benson, <i>A popular History of Christian Education</i>
( Chicago: Moody Press, 1943), 30.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Ibid…, 31.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Ibid…, 32.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div><p><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/Education%20and%20Christian%20Education.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Clarence H. Benson, <i>A popular History of Christian Education</i>
( Chicago: Moody Press, 1943), 32-33.</span> </p>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149024185636301613.post-42502668431017882162021-07-09T02:20:00.004-07:002021-07-09T02:20:29.680-07:00The role of civil society institutions such as family, education, media, religious, and social practices etc. in legitimizing and perpetuating the existing social order<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Education and the prevailing dominant social order and worldviews:
A Critique:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; letter-spacing: 2.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The role of civil society institutions such as family,
education, media, religious, and social practices etc. in legitimizing and
perpetuating the existing social order</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Education is the significant and important for social change. It is
the almost as old the human race itself. The education system of a country
depends upon different factors like the type of teacher and learner
relationship, the scope of freedom and discipline, besides the cultural factors
in which it operates. An educational system of a country does not function in
isolation or in emptiness. It is influenced by several factors. The civil
society institutions have the very important role in legitimizing and
perpetuating the existing social order in education. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Definition of the terms<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.1. Definition of
Education <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The meaning of the word ‘educate’ is to draw out. It comes from the
root <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘educare’</i> which means to bring
out that which is hidden. It is known to be loosely used as meaning ‘to
instruct’ as well as ‘to train’. To train is to mould the student according to
the plan of the teacher so that student does little in the way of exercising
individual thinking.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Christian education, in its right perspective, is the harmonious, all round
development of the individual stressing the means of helping person grow in the
pattern of Jesus Christ. It is also education within a social process, and the
community is the Christian home on the one hand the church as a redemptive
fellowship on the other.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Education is the most important development of mankind and humanity.
It is more important medicine, weapons and even of language, because language
too was the product of his education. Man without education would still be
living just like an animal. It is education which transformed man from a mere
two-legged animal into human. It helps him to behave like a man and prevents
him from behaving like an animal.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The behavioral changes must be directed towards a desirable end. They should be
acceptable socially, culturally and comically and result in a change in
knowledge, skill, attitude and understanding. With the development of society;
education has taken many shapes, such as child education, adult education,
technical education, health education, physical education and so on. <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.2. Definition of Civil society</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The
term Civil Society is used to collectively refer to the voluntary organizations
corporate bodies, socially active groups, and firms working in each society.
Civil Society is the set of intermediate associations which is neither the
state nor the family, but which plays an active and positive role in social,
economic, and cultural activities.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Civil society is a sphere of social interaction between the
household (family) and the state which is manifested in the norms of community
cooperative, structures of voluntary association and networks of public
communication... norms are values of trust, reciprocity, tolerance and inclusion,
which are critical to cooperation and community problem solving, structure of association,
refers to the full range of informal and formal organization through which
citizens pursue common interests”. Civil society is composed of autonomous
associations which develop a dense, diverse and pluralistic network. As it
develops, civil society will consist of a range of local groups, specialized
organizations and linkages between them to amplify the corrective voices of
civil society as a partner in governance.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3_Theological perspective <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The
church is a spiritual power. It claims to be the teacher of private and public
morality. It has spoken on many important issues. Their main focus is on
evangelization rather than real social promotion. Engagement in civil society
is therefore a comparatively a new idea. This is the socio- political context
in which the author Michael Amaladoss writes this article. It also concerns the
implications of this involvement for the church- institution and for the
Christians. Michael groups into 5 clusters: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.
The Church is a prophetic movement of people in and at the service of the
world/humanity. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.
It has to redis<a name="_GoBack"></a>cover itself as a community of the “people
of God” in the world, at whose service there are ministers. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.
It is called to render its service in civil society in dialogue with other
religions and ideologies <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.
In a situation of inequality, it is called to be on the side of the poor and
the oppressed but reach out also to the others <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.
The civil society can be transformed only in a creative, non-violent way. <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. Biblical perspective<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A. Old
Testament <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Even
in Old Testament we read that every ruling authority that exists has been
established by God. Human government is a derived authority. Those in authority
are described as servants of God. Those in power hold their power because of
God and can also be removed by God (Ps 75: 7; Dan 2:21). Ultimate justice and
vengeance belong to God alone (Deut 32:35, Ps 94:1). The civil society protects
the weakest members including the poor (Ex 23:6), foreigners (Ex22:21; Deut
27:19; Zech 7:10) and the helpless (Ps 82:3-4).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Another
realm of governmental protection and stewardship is the care of God’s material
creation. Humanity was given the responsibility as caretakers to work and keep
the garden (Gen 2:15). In recognition that God has created all things (Gen 1;
Ps 24:1). Humans are called to steward the rest of God’s creation and political
leaders are to wisely direct and oversee the proper use of earthly resources. <a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B. New
Testament <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">In 1
peter 2: 17 we read a description of what a Christian’s role in society as to
be. Honor all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. Honor the king.”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span> a. </span>Honor
all men</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The
main thought of this chapter is to live in submission to the authorities around
us. Beyond obeying laws and rules we should strive to live with respect and
honor towards others around us. We should see people in the same light as God
does made in his image because he loves them. God created us because he wants
to have a relationship with us. The Bible is written so that we can know God.
He loves us. Yet when we do not respect and honor others because of the creator
who made them in his image, the n we are not showing respect to God.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span> b. </span>Love
the brotherhood – our relationship to other Christians</span></b></p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1
peter 2:17 says that we must live with love and in harmony with God’s children.
There is nothing wrong with having your own group of friends with whom you
would rather spend time; you should be in love with everyone in the church.
Begin with the people in your own congregation. Learn to love them for who they
are in Christ. This does not mean you blindly accept everything that comes
along and claims the name of Christ. We should be wise in what we accept (1 Thessalonians
5:21; 1 John 4: 1-5). But we also should not push genuine Christians.
Separation is necessary due to doctrinal differences and not because of petty
preferences.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span> c. </span>Fear
God – our relationship with God</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The
concept of fearing God is wrapped up in the idea of respect and terror. When
you know who God is and understand his authority and power then you w certainly
can see where genuine fear is warranted. But when we accept Christ as our
savior our relationship with God changes. We have a respect and love for a God
who knows who we are before Him through His redeemer. The terror you have or
the love and respect you feel to God depends on your relationship to him.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span> d. </span>Honor
the King – our relationship to authority</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">When we obey authority we are living
in a pleasing way toward God. He established the authorities around us. We
should live with respect and obedience to their laws and regulations. As long
as God has not expressly said otherwise, we should live in obedience to the
authority that God has placed around us. In verse 12 where Peter tells us that
living in such a way will bring glory to God and point more people to him.
There had been bad governments throughout history. Yet the principle still
applies that we should obey and honor the government whenever possible.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5. Role of civil society institutions in legitimizing and
perpetuating the existing social order<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.1. Family</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: It has been said that family is the bedrock of society and can be
proven by the fact that all over the world every society is structured by the
same pattern. A man and woman marry and form a family. The families has a
crucial role in society by being a model of love in three different aspects,
love for the children, love between husband and wife and finally love promoting
moral values. As people we are created to be visual with a need to see
illustrated models of things that are important to our lives, especially the
love relationship between children and their parents. As children we learn
everything by watching the examples or models of others such as eating and
walking. The family functions the same way e.g. sons who have seen their
parents abuse alcohol or show extreme violence towards one another, practice
these same habits. The role of the family is to give a good model so that
others within the society can imitate resulting in the edification of the
society. The Bible teaches us that parents should be a living model of patience
and kindness showing love through his intimate relationship with his children.
One of the most important roles of the family in society is to show the much
needed model of love between husband and wife. The ultimate example of such
love is the way that Jesus Christ loves His church. He loves her on a daily
basis even giving His life on the cross for her. The husband-wife relationship
is to model Jesus Christ’s pattern of love by loving each other on a daily
basis, cherishing and nourishing each other as the most precious thing in their
lives. Therefore, family is the most important factor in perpetuating and
legitimizing education for social change.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.2. Education:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Education is the most powerful instrument of social change. It is
through education that the society can bring desirable changes and modernize
itself. Education can transform society by providing opportunities and
experiences through which the individual can cultivate him or herself for
adjustment with the emerging needs and philosophy of the changing society. a
sound social progress needs careful planning in every aspect of life social,
cultural, economic and political. Education must be planned in a manner which
is in keeping with the needs and aspirations of the people as a whole.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Indian Education Commission (1964-66) observed that realization of
country’s aspirations involves changes in the knowledge, skills, interests and
values of the people as a whole. This is basic to every programme of social and
economic betterment of which India stands in need.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.2.1 Functions of education in the sphere of social change:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a)
Assistance in changing attitudes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b)
Assistance in creating desire for change <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c)
Assistance in adopting social change<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d)
Analysis in change<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">e)
Emergence of new changes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">f)
Leadership in social change<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">g)
Advances in the sphere of knowledge<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">h)
Stabilizing democratic values<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">i)
National integration<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">j)
Economic prosperity<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">k)
National development<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.3. Media: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Media especially the Press, Radio, and Television are commonly
cited by people as the source of information about day -to-day happenings
around the world and thus it plays a vital role in cultivating one’s life. C.
R. David opined that the media confronts convicts and corrects the people
through its messages. He further says that the films promoted and reinforced
some traditional values of the society such as love, acceptance, forgiveness,
sharing and other such values. The rapid technological advancement, transnational
flow of news and view, across national has a great contribution to a
globalization of our thinking and our relationships. It helps us to create a
global concern and to make an immediate response to global issues.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.4. Religion: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Religious education
is a key to a well-rounded knowledge by teaching individuals about different
religions around the world. If students are going to function as global
citizens and be members of society, they will need to understand religions’
impact in history, politics, society and culture. Students should know basic
religious facts and should recognize the diversity that exists in each belief
system. This will help them to deal with and accept the fact as they encounter
different types of people among other religious backgrounds. Students who are
taught about religion seem to have a better grasp on reality as it allows them
to have a better concept about the situations in the world in dealing with
different religions and values.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6. Issues and implications of role of the civil society<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.1. Issues
facing the society<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">India
struggles with gender inequality issues beyond just equal economic growth and
access to educational resource opportunities. Gender inequality exists in the
form of socially constructed, predefined gender roles of family anchored in
India’s socio-cultural structure that has deep cultural roots. Socio-cultural
influences have spillover effects across all domains, including the
organizational workforce, and social and political contexts.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The social hierarchical
order of the caste system in India is breaking down. Caste is emerging as
social groups and conflicts between them are increasing. The oppressed castes
like the Dalits are still at the receiving end. The state has made
untouchability illegal. It cannot abolish it. It has special reservations in
educational instructions and in the job market for the Dalits. It has also
criminalized any violence done to the dalits. Such legal measures alone cannot
change the caste system and bring about social equality. Laws can control wrong
doing to a certain extent. They cannot change the mind and attitudes of the
people. The state cannot transform socio-culture structures. Only people can
change themselves and their structures. They may be challenged and helped by
religious or socio-cultural movements.<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>OtherIssues
like human rights, ecological and environmental concerns, etc do exist in the
society.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.2. Implications<a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kothari
has been realistic in assessing the contribution of civil society groups.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Charity
and welfare: Inspired by humanitarian or religious principles or altruistic
values, the civil society groups involve to a large extent in alleviating the
sufferings and pains of the poor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Developmental:
The basic assumption behind the developmental response was lack if resources.
The root cause of poverty, illiteracy, ill-health, unemployment was linked to
lack of accessibility and affordability to resources for growth and
development. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Social
action: This approach manifested a new approach to politics and development.
Inspiration from Marxism, Paulo Freire and Liberation Theology from the west
and the ideologies of Ambedkar, Periyar, Phulegave way for the new and
multi-faceted approach. Three key approaches were promoted: namely,
understanding the root cause of poverty, inequality and injustice through
structural and historical study. These approaches to development and ideologies
leading to action—reflection-action process leading to integral liberation of
the poor and the marginalized. In this model, the response paradigm moved from
individual concern to system and structures.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rights
based advocacy works: Rights based approach in the developmental process and
advocacy works for policy interventions are recent developments in the life of
the civil society organizations. This approach understands the hard fact that
development and underdevelopment are two sides of the same coin. It understands
the fact that underdevelopment of a vast majority is the direct result of
development of a minority. That is poverty of the poor is directly and
inherently linked to the riches of the rich. It views development from the
perspective of the poor and the marginalized and not just planning,
implementing and reporting as if the poor do not matter and pursues development
to uphold the rights and dignity of the excluded, discriminated and
marginalized, focusing both on Rights and responsibilities. It looks at the
poor and the marginalized not as victims but as stakeholders in development
interventions and engages in networking, advocacy and lobbying for the
development of the people through policy interventions, linking both the
process and outcome to human rights standards.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Education,
through its very nature is a transformative process, namely, changing persons,
and through them, society and its structures. This activity of transformation
is spiritual, humanizing and liberating activity and constitutes the core
mission of education. In the knowledge society that is emerging ‘quality education’
serves as the gateway to the socio-cultural and economic development of persons
and of the country. In fact the civil society institutions like family, media
religious institutions and social practices having some defect, it plays a
vital role to bring transformation in the society through different forms of
education.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Amaladoss,
,S.J. Michael “<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The Church’s Engagement
in Civil society”: A new way of being Christians in India today,</span>” Vidyajyoti
Journal of Theological reflection Vol. 72 (2008).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ao,
Tali, “Voices Against Domestic Violence” (Delhi: Christian World Imprints,2016)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Felderhof,
M. C. , “Religious Education in a Pluralistic Society” (London: Hodder and
Stoughton, 1985)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ghanta,
Ramesh , “Foundations of Education”, (New Delhi: Neelkamal Publications Pvt.
Ltd,2011)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gopal,
S. Arun, “Christian Education for Social Change” (Tiruvalla: Christava Sahitya
Samithi, 2015)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mathew,
Thomas, “The Need for and Relevance of Media Education in Pastoral Ministry”
(Delhi: ISPCK, 2006)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Miller,
Randolph Crump, “Education for Christian living/” (New York; Prentice Hall:
1957)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Paulus,
Vimala, “Introducing Christian Education”, (Madras; CLS: 1986.) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Smitu,
Kothari, Sethi Harish, (eds),’Rethinking Human Rights Challenges for Theory and
Action” (Delhi: Lokayan,1991)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Webliography<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=7&topicid=524<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">www.developmentideas.info/website/wp-content/uploads/Ch46_Civil_Society_NaidooBorren_2013.pdf
accessed on 6/7/17 at 3:00pm<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">www.esv.org>resources>the-purpose-and-role-of
–government accessed on 8/7/17 at 3:00pm <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">www.whatchristianwanttoknow.com
accessed on 8/7/17 at 3:00pm<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><a href="http://www.kpu.ca/sites/default/files/teach"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.kpu.ca/sites/default/files/teach</span></a>
accessed on 8.7.2017at 3:45.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Vimala Paulus, Introducing
Christian Education, (Madras; CLS: 1986.) pg 1-2.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Randolph Crump Miller, Education
for Christian living (New York; Prentice Hall: 1957)pg 53<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ramesh Ghanta, Foundations of
Education, (New Delhi: Neelkamal Publications Pvt. Ltd,2011)pg 6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
http://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=7&topicid=524<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> http://www.developmentideas.info/website/wp-content/uploads/Ch46_Civil_Society_NaidooBorren_2013.pdf
accessed on 6/7/17 at 3:00pm<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ramesh Ghanta, Foundations of
Education, (New Delhi: Neelkamal Publications Pvt. Ltd,2011)pg 6,32,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Michael Amaladoss, S.J. “<i>The
Church’s Engagement in Civil society: A new way of being Christians in India
today,</i>” Vidyajyoti Journal of Theological reflection Vol. 72 (2008).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://www.esv.org>resources>the-purpose-and-role-of
–government accessed on 8/7/17 at 3:00pm <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">www.whatchristianwanttoknow.com
accessed on 8/7/17 at 3:00pm<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> S. Arun Gopal, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Christian Education for Social Change</i>
(Tiruvalla: Christava Sahitya Samithi, 2015), 80.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><a href="http://www.kpu.ca/sites/default/files/teach"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">www.kpu.ca/sites/default/files/teach</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> accessed on 8.7.2017at 3:45.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Thomas Mathew, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Need for and Relevance of Media
Education in Pastoral Ministry</i> (Delhi: ISPCK, 2006), 16-17.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> M. C. Felderhof, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Religious Education in a Pluralistic Society</i>
(London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1985), 58.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TaliAo,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Voices Against<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Domestic Violence (Delhi: Christian World
Imprints,2016),142<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Kothari, Smitu, Sethi Harish,
(eds),’Rethinking Human Rights Challenges<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>for Theory and Action’ (Delhi: Lokayan,1991), 47<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Personal%20Folder/BLOGGER/BLOGGER-Instagos/Christian%20Ministry/Christian%20Education%20for%20Social%20Change/Posted/5%20-%20Role%20of%20civil%20society.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ibid 48-49<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>instagoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17256120914333154473noreply@blogger.com0