Emerging
Science and Technologies
Tegmark, Max. Life 3.0 being Human in the Age of Artificial
Intelligent. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2017.
Ford, Martin. Rise of the Robots Technology and the Threat of a
Jobless Future. New York: basic books, 2015.
Frickel, Scott and Kelly Moore, eds. The New Political Sociology of
Science Institutions, Networks, and Power. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin
Press, 1930.
Bostrom, Nick. SUPERINTELLIGENCE Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford:
Oxford university Press, 2014.
Lanier, Jaron. You are not a gadgets: A manifesto. New York: Alfred
A. Knopf, 2010.
1.
An introduction to nanotechnology, Biotechnology and Synthetic Life, Robotics,
Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience.
Nanotechnology:
nanotechnology
are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across
all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials
science, and engineering. The ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and
nanotechnology started with a talk entitled “There’s Plenty of Room at the
Bottom” by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society
meeting at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) on December 29,
1959, long before the term nanotechnology was used. In his talk, Feynman
described a process in which scientists would be able to manipulate and control
individual atoms and molecules. Over a decade later, in his explorations of
ultraprecision machining, Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term
nanotechnology. It wasn't until 1981, with the development of the scanning
tunneling microscope that could "see" individual atoms, that modern
nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology
involve the ability to see and to control individual atoms and molecules. Everything
on Earth is made up of atoms—the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the
buildings and houses we live in, and our own bodies. But something as small as
an atom is impossible to see with the naked eye. Today's scientists and
engineers are finding a wide variety of ways to deliberately make materials at
the nanoscale to take advantage of their enhanced properties such as higher
strength, lighter weight, increased control of light spectrum, and greater
chemical reactivity than their larger-scale counterparts.
Biotechnology
is technology based on biology - biotechnology harnesses cellular and
biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve
our lives and the health of our planet. We have used the biological processes
of microorganisms for more than 6,000 years to make useful food products, such
as bread and cheese, and to preserve dairy products.
Modern
biotechnology provides breakthrough products and technologies to combat
debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed the
hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and have safer, cleaner and more efficient
industrial manufacturing processes.
Currently,
there are more than 250 biotechnology health care products and vaccines
available to patients, many for previously untreatable diseases. More than 13.3
million farmers around the world use agricultural biotechnology to increase
yields, prevent damage from insects and pests and reduce farming's impact on
the environment.
Biotechnology
are broadly designed to heal the world, to feed the world and to fuel the
world.
Synthetic
Life/ biology is the attempt to reengineer living organisms as if they were
machines for us to tinker with, or even to build them from scratch from the component
parts—stems from a decidedly modern construct, a “reverence for life.” In the
past, fears about this kind of technological hubris were reserved mostly for
proposals to make humans by artificial means—or as the Greeks would have said,
by techne.
The
first identifiable use of the term "synthetic biology" was Stéphane
Leduc a French biologist who sought to contribute to understanding of the
chemical and physical mechanisms of life. Craig Venter once said “Life is
basically the result of an information process, a software process. Our genetic
code is our software, and our cells are dynamically, constantly reading our
genetic code.”
Robotics
is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes
mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering,
computer science, and others. Robotics deals with the design, construction,
operation, and use of robots, as well as computer systems for their control,
sensory feedback, and information processing. In 1948, Norbert Wiener
formulated the principles of cybernetics, the basis of practical robotics.
There
are many types of robots; they are used in many different environments and for many
different purposes depending upon the potential application and its demand.
Artificial
Intelligence (AI) Artificial
intelligence is a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent
machines. It has become an essential part of the technology industry. Research
associated with artificial intelligence is highly technical and specialized.
The core problems of artificial intelligence include programming computers for
certain traits such as: Knowledge, Reasoning, Problem solving, Perception, Learning,
Planning.
Ability
to manipulate and move objects Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of
computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work
and react like humans. Some of the activities computers with artificial
intelligence are designed for include: Speech recognition, Learning, Planning, Problem
solving.
Neuroscience
is a multidisciplinary science that is concerned with the study of the
structure and function of the nervous system. It encompasses the evolution,
development, cellular and molecular biology, physiology, anatomy and pharmacology
of the nervous system, as well as computational, behavioural and cognitive
neuroscience. Neuroscience is a new and important field with implications for
every aspect of how people move, think, and behave. It also contributes to a
better understanding of a wide range of common conditions. A greater
understanding of neurological factors can help in developing medications and
other strategies to treat and prevent these and many other health issues.
2.
Deterministic Chaos
Deterministic
chaos, often just called "chaos", refers in the world of dynamics to
the generation of random, unpredictable behavior from a simple, but nonlinear
rule. The rule has no "noise", randomness, or probabilities built in.
Instead, through the rule's repeated application the long-term behavior becomes
quite complicated. In this sense, the unpredictability "emerges" over
time.
"Deterministic
Chaos," suggests a paradox because it connects two notions that are
familiar and commonly regarded as incompatible. The first is that of randomness
or unpredictability, as in the trajectory of a molecule in a gas or in the
voting choice of a particular individual from out of a population. In
conventional analyses, randomness was considered more apparent than real,
arising from ignorance of the many causes at work. In other words, it was
commonly believed that the world is unpredictable because it is complicated.
The second notion is that of deterministic motion, as that of a pendulum or a
planet, which has been accepted since the time of Isaac Newton as exemplifying
the success of science in rendering predictable that which is initially
complex.