Kohran Hmasahai

 Kohran Hmasahai Mawl Kha.

Johny Laldinthar F.Tusing,  2017.

John Foster in a ziek “The First Advance-Church History AD 290-500” ti lekhabu UBS, Library ah ka tiem fuka, a mi hne hle. Hi taka inthawk hin KOHRAN HMASAHAI MAWL KHA ti hi ka hung ziek suok a nih.

Tukum 2017 Puitling Sunde Skul ah Tirkohai Thilthawhai ei inchuk tl<t tluta, t^mtak chun ngaituona ei lo seng tahnung le tamtak ei lo hmelhriet tasa ani ti kan hmai naw, sienkhawm Kohran hmasahai a inthawka inchuk ding belsana ni fawmin ei ziek tum anih.

Kristien Sakhuo in\anna (apieng le murna) chu hmun thlawmtak el ‘ran bu p>kna thl>ng’ (manger) anih. A phuta inthawk Kristien in\anna bulpui/innghatna chu Pathien thu (message) Johan 3:16 “Pathienin khawvel a hmangai b>k b>k a, chuongchun, a Naupa kh^t nei sun  chu a pek a” ti hi anih. AD 175 lai vela Greek mi, ziektu ropui ringtuhai sawisel le seldawng hlaktu Celsus chun ‘Palestina ram kher a Isu Krista khawvel mihriem popo sandamtu dinga Pathienin a pek ti hi a petu Pathien hi a inlusu na a inthawk tho har sien chu a thawsuol zie hrie suok a tih’ tiin a lo seldawng. Tamtak chun awm le ni thei dingin an ring hiel. Palestina ram kha khawvel map a hmutheilo vanga ch$n a ni. Isu hun lai khan a ram phek khan a dung mel 150 le a khan mel 75 chau a lien anih a, Isu khawm kha hi rama hin a dung a khangin kea inlawna rawngbawlin, hi ramri puotieng chu hmu ding a thl^wm hle.

Amiruokchu Luke 24: 47 “Jerusalema inthawkin hnam tin kuoma hril ning a tih” ti le Galati 4:4 “a hunbi a hung kim khan” tiin naupa pekna hmun le hun kha a \ha famkim zie le andik zie hmutheiin a um. Palestina ram hi khawvel leilung (geographically) le history a inthawk khawmin hmun laili na tak a lo nih. Asia le Africa khawmuolpui infepaw na lampui \ha (corridor) le hmasawnna hmunpui (civilization centers) infinna hmun pawimawtak a lo nih bawk. Pentecost ni a Thlarau Thienghlim hung tlungin Kohran indina a um khan Jerusalem a hin Juda hnam hmun tin ramtin indara um hai fekhawmin rambung 17 lai zet a mi an hung khawm a, chutaka inthawk chun ‘ram ng^wpui meichawk ang elin’ ram dang danga kai k^ngin Kohran nasatakin hung indarin tamtak belsa an hung ni pei thu ei hmu. Thilthawhai 1:8 chun Jerusalem le a se vela (Judai, Samari le Galilee- Palestina ram vawng ani) hrepuituhai (witness) anni a, Thilthawhai 8 a chun chanchin \ha chu nasa taka ram dang tieng andar ta ti ei hmu. A hmun hi a lo va f<k deh.

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SOCIAL MEDIA

 SOCIAL MEDIA

 Social Media umzie

Thumal pahni Social le Media hmanga hmang tlanglawn tak hi tawite in a umzie hrilfie’ng ei tih.

Social hin midanghai le thawtlang amani inbiektlangna/chengtlangna tieng a kawk a.

Media hin midanghai leh inbiektlangna/inlaichinna dinga hmangruo tina a nih. Chuleiin Social media hi Internet fethlenga hmangruo dang dang hieng Facebook, WhastApp, Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram, LinkedIn, etc hai hmanga midang le inbiekna leh thil pawimaw inthawntuona dinga hmangruo ti thei ning  tih.

Social Media hmusuoktu (bul tumtu)

Ngaidan pathum a um.

1.      Jeff Bercovici, Forbes Staff in a hril dan chun ‘Social media hi Tina Sharkey, CEO Babycenter.com le former Executive iVillage and AOL (America Online) hi, Social Media ti hi hmang hmasataktu in a hril’.  Tina Sharkey hi Social Evangelist tia ko khawm a ni bawk.

2.      Ted Leonsis, executive at AOL in 1990’s lai khan Steve Case le Social Media hi an hmang hmasatak niin a hril ve.

3.      Darrell Berry, Social media researcher and Strategist chun 1994 khan Tokyo ah media le inzawma inbiektlangna ding Metisse a siem naa a hming a sersuok niin a hril a, May 1995 khan newspaper a “social media spaces’ tiin internet in hma a hung sawn dan ding le ram a lak dan ding thu article a ziekna a a suklang. Tuta Technology le inzawma langsartak hai chu an nih.

Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson chun “social media” ti hi a lekhathawn zieknaa Mrs. Sitwell lekha a thawn naa January, 1874 khan a lo ziek dai tah. Vawisuna Social Media concept chu a ni kher naw el thei.

Social Media chanchin le hun indawt dan (Chronology/Timeline of Social media)

1994: Chat room The Palace tia hrietlar ṭan a nih. Amazon tan a ni bawk. (5 July by Jeff Bezos)

1995: yahoo mail ṭan kum (2 March)

1997: Social media hmang a nina ang taka hmang ṭan thei dingin Sixdegress.com ṭan a nih. Thlalak hai mani account a thunin midanghai le inbiekpawna ṭan in a um. Google siem ṭan  a nih

1998: Moveon.org (Bill Clinton impeachment hun lai) email group ṭan in a um. Internet khawvel a nasatak in ram a lak \an. Google hmang ṭan a nih.

1999: Blogging sites hai ṭan a hung nih. [Livjournal blogspot-blogging sites hmasatak (1999) a nih]

2000: LunarStorm first social networking websites ah, sum lamsuokna dinga advertisement ṭan hmasatak a hung nih.

2001: Wikipedia a hung suok.

2002: Friendster social media a hmang nasa pawltak siem suok a nih. LastFM online music sites a hung suok.

2003: LinkedIn siemin a um. MySpace, mani profile a music le videos siem theina a hung suok. Flickr, Photobucket, etc thlalak siekhawlna (Online storage) a hung suok.

2004: Facebook launch a hung ni \an (hi hi Proto facebook ti a nih) (Feb.4, 2004). Gmail ṭan a nih.

2005: YouTube launch ṭan a nih. (Feb.14, 2005). Google Map ṭan a nih.

2006: Vawisun a Facebook ei I hmang tak tak ang a hung suok. Twitter siem a hung nih.

2009: June 3 Search engine Bing ṭan a nih.

2010: Instagram ṭan a nih. (6 October)

2011: Google +, snapchat (July)

2016: TikTok (Sept), Facebook Messenger (8 August)

 Social Media hmelhmang (features)

1. Personal user Account
2.  Profile pages
3.  Friends, followers, groups, hashtags le dang dang
4. News feed
5. Personalization
6. Notification
7. Information updating, saving or posting
8. Like buttons and comment sections
9. Review, rating or voting systems

 Social media Statistics (Infographics)

 (1) Lindsay Tjepkema, Marketing Director, Americas, Emarsys (Largest marketing platform company) in a tarlang danin 2019 hin- Nitin a Social media hmangtu hi 3.2 Billion ei ni a, 42% World population an tling. Globalwebindex in a tarlang dan in, dan naranin a hmangtu haiin nitin 2.2 hrs social media a hun an hmang zie hlak a tih.

(2) eMarketer Chart in a tarlang danin, Social Media hmangtu Age bar chu hieng ang hin a suklang-

            a. Gen Z (1995-2005 inkara pieng) 13-24 inkar—44%, out of this 24% were online all the time

b. Millennials (1980-1994—24-39) hai 90.4 %

            c. Gen X (1965-1979—40-54) hai 77.5%

            d. Baby Boomers (1944-1964—55-75 hai 48.2%

(3) Zephoria Digital Marketing in a tarlang danin

1. “Khawvel pumpuia 2.38 billion chuongin facebook active takin ei hmang a, monthly active users (MAU) [as of March 31, 2019]. CNN a tarlang danin 88 million zet chu fake account an  nisien chu mihriem tamna tak (most populous country) a ni ding a nih.
2. Nitin1.56 billion in nitin Facebook ei hawng zie hlak [daily active users (Facebook DAU) for March 2019] Nitin thlalak 300 million, upload zie a ni bawk. Minute khat dan peia, 5,10,000 coments a um zie a, 2, 93, 000 status updates a ni zie bawk, 1, 36, 000 thlalak upload a nih. Facebook hi rambung nita ang sien Mihriem tamna tak a pathumna a ni ding a nih.
3.  Account/Profile thar second tinin 6 hawng zing a nih.
4. Common Age Demographic (CAD) kum a hmang tlanglawntak chu Age 25 to 34, at 29.7% of users an nih. Kum 18-24 inkar hai hi zing tho chara facebook hawng rawntak an nih (50%)
5. Nuhmei Zaa 76% peiin facebook account an nei. Pasal ruok chu 66% a ni ve thung.

  Social Media Ṭangkaina

1. Inchukna tienga: Social media hin a thawhlawk hlea, hotu le educators haiin hi platform hi an inchuklaihai hrietzauna a pek a, multi media presentation, 3D animation le dang dang a dingin ṭangkai takin an hmanga, abikin Science, Mathematics, Geography hai awlsam taka hriefiena dingin an hmang thei pha bawk.

2. Data Analysis: Social Media hmangtu ei tam leiin company tamtak hin mi ditzawng, hmunuom zawng, ṭha ti zawng, inhnik zawng hriet theina hmangruo pawimawtak a hung nia, Data analysis na dingin company tin deuthawin an hmanga hi taka inthawk hin consumers mamaw requisition an siem hlak.

3. Sawrkar in hmang ṭangkai dan: Sawrkar Department tin deu thawin Social media platform hi an hmang taa, an Dept.le inzawma inhrilhrietna (Awareness), hamṭhatna (facilities) le dang dang pholangna in an hmang. Sawrkar in fakrukna le sukdiknawna a nei hai khawm social media hmangin awlsam taka hriet thei a ni taa, mipui aiawa sinthawtu hai khawmin fimkhur takin sin anthawa, tamtak hril danin Social Media leiin iemani chen corruption khawm an hnuoi pha niin an hril.

4. Politics Khawvela: Politician hai tading bikin a ṭangkaia- an manifesto dam, party thiltum le an hmathlir hai awlsam taka suklangna a nih. Social media hi Parliament House pakhat ve niin tamtak chun an hril. Politician hai hin Social media hi an hmang ṭangkai ta hle. BJP anhratna thuruk niin tamtak chun an hril bawk.

5. News laksawngna (Source): News Media hai hin chanchin an pholang hai hi 70% hi Social Media a inthawka anlaksawng deu vawng a nih.

6. Awareness: Social Media hi Awareness inpeksawngna dinga hmangruo pawimawtak a nih. Eg. Ebola Virus 2013-14 laia Africa ramah nasataka andar lai khan Ebola natna chungchang, invengna le inhrilhrietnaa  thawhlawk tak chu Social media a nih. Social Media a Weapon to combat Ebola Virus anti hiel a ni kha. Hieng anga ṭangkaitaka hmangna tamtak hril ding a um.

7. Evangelism: Social Media hi rawngbawlna dinga hmangruo pawimawtak a hung ni taa, infographics/statistics a ei tarlang ta ang khin Social Media hin ram  a lak duok duok ta lei hin Kohran, Christian NGO tamtakin chanchinṭha thedarna le inchuktirna in an hmang nasa hle. Apologetics hai khawma \angkai taka hmangtu an hung ni ta pei a nih. LifeWay research hai hril danin Khawvela Kohran 85% hin Facebook hi an hmang tah, Twitter hi 16%, Instagram 13%.  Bible tiemtu haiin Internet le technology hmanga Bible tiemna a hmangtu hi 55% ei tling tah niin barna group Research chun a tarlang bawk. CISCO (Multinational IT Company) hai hril dan chun, 2020 a Internet a thil um popo hi 82% video deu vawng a ni tading niin an hrila, Pathien thu ngaithlakna, inchukna nasatakin mi tamtakin (abikin |halaihai) in an hmang tading niin an hril.(Tuhin Dallas Theological Seminary, Fuller Seminary hai d^m hin nasatakin an hung hmang ta pei) Khawvela Kohran tamtak hin 62% hi Social Media hmanga puotieng mihai le inbiekna, chanchin\ha hrilna hmangruo in an hmang tah tiin Life Way research hai chun an tarlang bawk. Chuleiin, Ministry Tech hi a hung hluor pei ding a nih. Christian Social media langsar zuolhai- Tangle, my Praize, My faith, shout Life, Faith Freaks, Jesus Crowd, Got Questions, etc, etc. Bible study le inzawma Social media platform a hmang an tam pei ta bawk. Krista Hnungzuitu ei nina angin eini hai khawma Social Media hi \angkaitakin hmang seng tum ei tiu.

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Digital Addiciton

 Digital Addiciton

‘mi tamtak chu hnungtieng hmatieng tlân an ta, hrietna chu a pung ding a ni sih a tiin’ Daniel 12:4

                                                                                            Johny Laldinthar F.Tusing, UBS, Pune, 2018.

Thuhma:

Khawvel changkangna le hmasawntaka hin khawl hmangruo (tehnology gadgets) hin nasatakin khawvel mihriem popo a mi fangsuoka. Ei Bible a khawm hrietna pung ding hi chu a lo hrillawk dai ta hrim a nih. Digital/technology ah innghatna a lien deu deua, hieng khawl hmangruo boa khawsa hi tulai khawvela thil theilo ang tluk a lo ni tah, ei tawng hi a hausa tawk naw leiin thumal pakhat hmanga ani dan angtaka inlet hi a harsa leiin ei hrietthiem tho leiin digital/technology hai hi ei tawnga inlet chuong loin ei hmangpei ding a nih. Tulai ringtu tamtak mi suksetu le ei kalchawina mi dal rawptu laia pakhat chu digital addiction hi anih. Chuleiin Ethical Issues hril hlaw tak a hung tling ta a, hi harsatna a inthawka ei khaw nghat sukdanglamna dingin tiin tawite’n ei hung suklang tum anih.

Technology ei ti hi a tangkaina a tam em em a, thilthaw  a suk-awlsam pha a, khawl hmangruo pakhata hin thil tamtak thaw theina- study resources, vedio enna, text, call, calculator, tying, notepad, etc tamtak el hmang theina(technology convergence)ding le software thatak tak el siemsuok le digital version tamtak a thar a suok peia  iengkim el awlsam takin um hmun a ei thaw zung zung thei a, hi hi cyberspace ti anih. A tangkaina tamtak um zing sienkhawm a kakhawk a tam em em. Digital hmangtu hi thalaihai antam taka, hi hmangruo in a suksiet khawm thalaihai an tamtak bawk.

Digital Addicition chu iem ana?

Kh^wl hmangruo hieng mobile, tablet, laptop, Tv, etc digital thil hrim hrim a \ul baka hmang zawngsak, a ma thuhnuoia umna le invetchilna hi digital addicition ei ti chu anih. Digital Addicition hi chi dang dang a um a chuhai laia a langsar pawlhai chu- Phone Addiction, Social Media Addiction le Internet Addiction hai hi an nih.

Digital Addiction le inzawma research thawtu haiin an hmudan chawk ruolin a statistics tlangpui  hieng ang hi anih.

1. Digital a innghatna(dependence): Mihriem 100 a 34 pei (34%) hin minute 10 dan pei a facebook an en hlak. Smartphone hmangtuhai laia 80% in zingkara anthaw hmasatak chu phone hawng a ni tlangpui a, phone boa um inlau/harsa (hi hi nomophobia antih) ti hi 60% ei tling phak tah. Binghamton University in research a thawna a hmudan lem chun pasal nekin nuhmei hai hi mobile phone nasatakin an innghat zuola, maktakin nuhmei a run mek thu an hril. Lekha tiemna le inchukna dinga hmangtu ruok chu 100 a 20 chau anni thung.

2. Hun hmang dan tlangpui: 2005 khan a tlangpuiin karkhata darkar 9 digital hmangruo leia hun hmang hlak aniha, 2016 ruok chun karkhata a thlawm taka darkar 25 hmang angin an hril (eini lai le chu an  ang char naw el thei). Ram changkangna hmuna haia chun nitin darkar 8 le Minute 40 lai screen (mobile, laptop,tv,etc) en hlak anga ngai a nih, hi hi $nna hun (sleep time) neka tam a nih.

3. 2016 khan scientist hai chun khawl hmangruo (Techno gadgets) hmang nasa hai leia nguina, tlakhnuoina (depression) a tam zuol niin an hriet.

4. Mihriem inlaichinna a suksiet: Internet hmangtuhai lai 31% hai hi an ruol le pai le sunglekuo hai leh hun hmang nekin an digital haia hun an hmang nuom lem. Hmel inhmua (internet hmanga Vedio call nilo ) inbiek nekin sms,whatsapp, facebook a inbiek nuom hi 58% eini lem tah. Nu le Pa tamtak khawmin In pakhat cheng hmunkhat nihai sienkhawm digital hmangruo hmanga inbiektuo or thil indawn ei ch$ng lem ta bawk.

5. Lungril, ngaituona le taksa a suksiet dan tamtak ziek ding le hmu ding a um bawk.

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STEKO

 Steko in our Biblical Journey

Johny Laldinthar F.Tusing, BD 2^nd Year

Published in UBS, Pune Journal 2017

The word ‘steko’ first came to my sensory perception when the Graduating class organized Theme Presentation on 28^th July 2017. The graduating classes stood in front of the audience with full confidence and crooned with their dulcet voices ‘steko, steko…’ in tune with western cowboy music which is very unique and heartbreaking performance. Theme presentation is one of the most significant programme of UBS with great enthusiasm and fanfare. On this very night hundreds of UBS community gathered together with zest and zeal and all the freshers’ dolled with traditional attires thronged the conference hall in a very special way.

Steko which means ‘stand firm’ or to persevere, to persist or to keep one's standing is the need of the hour for the whole community. We should reflect and analyze ourselves exactly where we are standing, otherwise we will be drifting away like a chaff and bears no fruit. We should step in the right direction less our ground will be shifted.

Our commitment, zeal and enthusiasm which give us the impulse to come to UBS for our biblical journey are not the same for every one of us. But we are all gathered together here in the same boat for our spiritual journey and equipping for our future ministry. We need to know that we need to stand firm and work-out to achieve our goals and objectives with full commitment during our stays here in this campus. Our Missions will be doomed when the students inclusive of all the faculty and the Managing Board started quitting en masse on God’s purpose ‘Why I am here’ like rats from a sinking ship will definitely sink one after another and drowned.

As a student’s we should be as tough as leather in our duties and in all respect of our day to day affairs. Many a times we often forget the backdrops of why we are here in UBS, we are more prone to stimulate and hypnotize with the atmosphere of creating a problems than staying abreast with the purpose of our highest grounds of staying. Very often we harnessed to jump into the arena of judging others as quick as lightning instead of our spiritual growth. In order to project ourselves to soar higher in gaining the momentum of popularity we dare to dives deeper than our subjects or works. Instead of spending time with books we spend more times in a happy talk with friends and other activities. All these are instrumental to weaken our spiritual immune system; used extensively by Satan. To defend against dengue in several places in our campus we’ve seen a very touching slogan "if they breed we will bleed". In the same conventional mode if we let Satan to breed in us we will bleed and die in the absence of the aroma of Christ just like a patients of dengue fever die in the absence of platelet or blood.

We should be strong with the strength given by the Holy Spirit and do everything with love because without love there would be no gain or fruits it will be just a handful and prideful noisemakers. As we wait for the Lord return of Christ we should work more as the ‘The harvest is plentiful, but the workers are few’ we have a lot to do and we should be grateful and count it as a great joy that we are part of this Mission.

Knowing that Christ has won the ultimate victory and should affect the way we live right now. Don’t let discouragements over an apparent lack of results keep us from doing the work of the Lord enthusiastically as we have opportunity to do so.

In the Christian life we battle against rulers and authorities. To withstand their attacks we must depend on God’s strength and use every piece of his Armor. The whole body needs to be alarmed, as we do battle against the mighty powers in this dark world. Fight in the strength of the church whose power comes from the Holy Spirit.

Lions attack sick, young or straggling animals, they choose victims who are alone or not alone, when we are feeling alone, weak, helpless and cut off from others or struck down with laziness and focusing too much on our troubles and problems; this is the right times that Satan and temptation attack us and we are vulnerable to fall on the prey. We should always keep our eyes to Christ and resist the devil and he will flee from us. This is the way to stand true to the Lord remembering that this world is not our home and to focus on the fact that Christ will bring everything under his control. Staying true means steadfastly resisting the negative influences of temptation and all the forces which will weaken us. We shouldn’t lose heart and give up when our steps are slipped and fall through the cracks. God promise us strength of character. With the help of the Holy Spirits and our fellow friends and close ones (church) you can stay true to the Lord.

‘Stay on guard, continue to stand firm in the faith, be men of courage, grow in strength’ (I Cor.16:13). Steko!! Conquer all challenges by us pass…For our hope is built on Christ, By His power we’re standing Firm. Steko…Steko.

 

 

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RE-IMAGING JESUS FROM HIS PRAXIS OF THE REIGN OF GOD.- Person and Work of Jesus

 RE-IMAGING JESUS FROM HIS PRAXIS OF THE REIGN OF GOD.

Definition/Meaning

Re-imagining

Re-imagining is a form of mental visualization to imagine again or anew especially to form a new conception of something that already exists.¹ Reimaging takes place when already there is an idea or some sort of picture in mind, in this subject we are trying to learn, how to reimagine Jesus from his praxis of the reign of God. History records Jesus‟ birth, ministry, teachings, death and resurrection that occurred in the past, but today‟s generation in the postmodern era has different kinds of understanding or imagination about Jesus which traditionally developed throughout the centuries but those traditional understandings at present may not be applicable in our own context due to drastic change in the present world. Hence, in-order to make our faith more tangible and relevant we need to reimaging Jesus, the Christ in our context, culture, society and individual.

Praxis

It is a process by which a theory, a concept acted upon or realized. It may also refer to acts of engaging, exercising, or practicing ideas.² The word praxis in this assignment refers to the ideas and practices of Jesus‟ time which were traditionally followed. 

The Reign of God

Gospels present the kingdom of heaven as synonymous to the kingdom of God and we see it as the central theme of Jesus‟ preaching (Luke.4:43).³ The Kingdom of God (basileia tou theou) appears throughout the New Testament but the most is in the Jesus tradition.⁴ The word kingdom comes from the Greek word basileia which means kingship or rule, the present scholars replace the Kingdom of God with the reign of God.

 

The reign of God is not exclusively future and not dependent on territory because it is God‟s rule, we can see in this age as well as in the future also.⁵ The theological theme of the Bible is that the kingdom of God is something that convened by God‟s grace through the agency of human faith and entry into the kingdom has an ethical viewpoint.⁶ “The liberal theology believed that the kingdom of God could be realized on earth by means of the ethical-moral renewal of the human person”.⁷ So the kingdom of God is not based on the hierarchical order but it is on the rule or reign of God.

Literally the kingdom of God is not a political term in the gospels but when we look at it from the Jewish perspective, religion and politics were not divided and that bore political implication too⁸ but Jesus says that the kingdom of God has come near (Mt.3:2,4:17,Mk.1:15,Lk.10:9,11) which means God is taking over as king and to enter the kingdom is to come under his rule to accept him as king.⁹ Here, the concept of kingdom is purely referring to the reign of God as the King.

 

Paul in his Epistle to Romans¹⁰ states that, the kingdom of God is not a matter of eating and drinking because the life of a community under the kingdom of God is not established on food laws or ascetic practices rather than on the formative values of righteousness, peace and joy in the Holy Spirit.¹¹ 

People would say, look here it is, or there it is instead Jesus says the kingdom of God is in your midst because for Jesus the kingdom is not of this world (John.18:36)¹². In few places the subject of basileia is not God or heaven but the Son of Man who now exercises the kingship and came to inaugurate.¹³The kingdom of God is proclaimed to all and one becomes a citizen not by natural birth but by new birth in Christ (John.3:1)¹⁴ by repentance (Mat.4:17, Mk.1:14-15) by bearing fruits (Mat.21:43) and by service (John.13:3-11). The divine initiative in bringing people into the kingdom is vividly captured in the John‟s Gospel.¹⁵

 

There are many images and metaphors used to depict the kingdom of God in the gospels. On the other hand, Sermon on the Mount describes that the kingdom of God will be inherited by those who are poor in spirit, the mourners, the meek, the merciful, the pure in heart, the peacemakers and those who tolerate persecution for the kingdom.¹⁶ The citizenship in the kingdom of God is not based on the merit or status in the society rather than only on the grace of God.

Postmodernism

Postmodernism literally means after modernity, Cornel West, who works in the fields of philosophy and theology defines that Postmodernism firmly refuses to suppose any one foundation as the privileged and unquestionable. Postmodern criticism is that it cannot accept any system of knowledge as absolute claim or foundation.¹⁷ There are number of interpretations and no interpretation can be regarded as superior to any other.¹⁸ Christopher Butler brings definition of Jean-Francois Lyotard, the author of La Condition Postmodern. “Postmodern as skepticism towards metanarrative. These metanarratives traditionally serve to give cultural practices some form of legitimation or authority”.¹⁹

Post-structuralism

Post-structuralism is an approach to literature that proceeds from the tenets of structuralism and affirms that the words have no absolute meaning and a text is open to an unlimited range of interpretations.²⁰

Deconstruction

Deconstruction is a method of critical analysis of philosophical and literary language which emphasizes on the internal workings of language, conceptual systems and the relational quality of meaning and on the assumptions understood in the forms of expression.²¹

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