Trafficking
Introduction:
Trafficking is a vicious and selfless crime from that has become an epidemic of the world. It is a trade that includes not only sex, but pedophilia, human slavery and even organ harvesting. The concept of trafficking denotes a trade in something that should not be traded in. We have terms like drug trafficking, arms trafficking and human trafficking. The concept of Trafficking in people refers to the criminal practice of exploitation of human beings where they are treated as commodities for profit and after being trafficked, are subjected to long term exploitation. [1]
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Human
trafficking refers to the illegal and immoral buying and selling of human
beings as commodities to meet global demands for commercial sexual slavery or
forced labor.[2]Human
trafficking is one of the severest violations of dignity, worth and rights of
human beings. Trafficking in human beings is said to be the third largest trade
after drugs and arms. Trafficking of human beings especially of women and
children is one of the fastest growing trades, generating unaccountable profits
annually. It
has sometimes direct and sometimes indirect, connections with the illegal arms
and illicit drug trade industries. It’s a kind of forced slavery on human
beings.
In
this paper we are going to know more about the world of Trafficking like how
they have been recruited, exploited, how it impacts individual, social life’s
etc.
II. Process and Organisation of Trafficking:
Trafficking is a money-spinning fairy industry. In
some of the countries it is controlled by criminal organisations. The majority
of trafficking is done by smaller groups who are specialized in particular
areas like recruitment, transportation etc. Now we will look at the
recruitment, how the people are recruited in various types.
a. Recruitment:
People are recruited at places like bus stops, cinema
halls, railway stations, streets, cafes, beauty parlours, national highways,
construction work sites, within homes, and areas where locals are displaced
without proper rehabilitation are also the sites for possible victims. Some of
the studies suggest or report that traffickers choose special times for
recruitment. They take advantage of difficult periods either before the
harvesting season or during a drought, where people at that time look elsewhere
for income to survive. They also keep themselves informed about severely needy
areas or those that suffered climatic, economic or political disasters. They recruit
people during festivals.[3]
Modes of Trafficking:
Traffickers are usually young men and middle aged
woman who are older than the people whom they recruit. Some are natives and
operate as agents who travel so many regions and generally have the links with
the villages to which the victims belong. Purchasers are reportedly substance
abusers or gamblers. Many of the traffickers are older women who are either
prostitutes or are themselves in forced prostitution. They often speak several
languages and have multiple roles. They use various ways to for trafficking
people.[4]
The ranges of strategies reportedly used vary from
extremely violent actions like drugging, kidnapping and abduction to
persuasion, material inducements, befriending and deception. People are lured
with fake job offers or false marriage offers. In the South Asian region,
offers of marriage without dowries are welcomed, as it makes easy to arrange
fake marriages. They approach women and girls in groups as it helps them to win
their trust.[5]
Recruiters or Procurers:
Recruiters can be neighbors, family, friends,
relatives of friends, friends returning from abroad, women who have migrated or
who have trafficked, husbands, fathers, boyfriends or lovers. Some can be gay
men who are trusted by women because of their sexual orientation. Some can also
be drug peddlers, head masons at construction sites, even band leaders in dance
/live bars. More specific recruiters include motorcycle pilots in Goa or labor
contractors. They use friends and acquaintances to recruit or rely on word of
mouth.[6]
Players:[7]
Organized trafficking is said to involve a range of
players along the road from gaining to exploitation. Trafficking network may
involve the police, visa/transport officials, railway/ bus authorities and
employees, taxi/auto rickshaw drivers etc. They fill various roles that are
classified as financiers or investors, procure or recruiters, organizers,
document forgers, corrupt public officials, brothel operators and the owners
and managers of sex establishments, escorts, guides or travel companions or
crew members.
Types of Operations:[8]
Trafficking can be done through organized
international and local networks. Thus, they may operate alone in small gangs
or as part of organized crime groups. Gangs and criminal groups are reportedly
the dominant modes of trafficking in South Asia. A Joint Women’s Programme (JWP)
study indicated the presence of an organized system of trafficking of girls for
profit, which accounts for the greatest number of girls brought, transported
and sold within and outside India. As a part of an organized network,
traffickers have less freedom and make smaller profits compared to the profits
they would make as independent operators.
b. Labour Exploitation:
The problem of labour exploitation is widely prevalent
in India. According to the SC’s definition, all those who are paid less than
the stipulated minimum wages fall within the category of bonded labourers. Children
trafficked for labour exploitation may also be subjected to sexual abuse and
exploitation. Besides being forced to work as domestic labour or being
exploited by the small-scale sector, people are trafficked for agricultural,
construction or industrial work. They may be trafficked for illegal activities
like drug peddling, organ trading, forced marriages, begging or be sold off
through adoption rackets. [9]
India
is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children
subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking. The forced labor of millions of
its citizens constitutes India’s largest trafficking problem; men, women, and
children in debt bondage are forced to work in industries such as brick kilns,
rice mills, agriculture, and embroidery factories. A common characteristic of
bonded labor is the use of physical and sexual violence as forced tools. Ninety
percent of trafficking in India is internal, and those from India’s most
disadvantaged social divisions, including the lowest castes, are most
vulnerable. Children are also subjected to forced labor as factory workers,
domestic servants, beggars, agricultural workers etc. An increasing number of
job placement agencies lure adults and children for forced labor or sex
trafficking under false promises of employment. Indian boys from Bihar were
increasingly subjected to forced labor in embroidery factories in Nepal.[10]
Some
Indians who migrate willingly every year for work as domestic servants and
low-skilled labourers find themselves in forced labor in the Middle East and,
to a lesser extent, Southeast Asia, the United States, Europe, Southern Africa,
the Caribbean, and other countries. In some cases, such workers are lured from
their communities through fraudulent recruitment, leading them directly to
situations of forced labor, including debt bondage; in other cases, high debts
incurred to pay recruitment fees leave them vulnerable to labor trafficking.
Nationals from Bangladesh and Nepal are trafficked through India for forced
labor and commercial sexual exploitation in the Middle East.[11]
III. Trafficking In India
India
is the world’s hub in prostitution-related human trafficking and forced labour.
The United States (US) has placed India on the Tier-2 Watch List for
human trafficking for the 5th consecutive year as India has failed to take
effective measure in combating it. According to its report, India is a source,
destination, and transit country for men, women, and children trafficked for
the purposes of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation.[12]
The
report also says that the numbers of persons affected could be anywhere between
20 to 65 million. According to some estimates, the estimated annual turnover of
human trafficking in India is around 20 billion rupees. What is worrying is
that out of the total number of persons affected by human trafficking, as many
as 80 per cent are women and 50 per cent are children.[13]
a. Statistics:
In
2011, police statistics found that nearly 35,000 children were officially
reported missing across India, with most of the missing children being girls.
According to the United Nations, up to 50 million girls and women are missing
throughout the country due to female feticide (the abortion of a fetus
because it is female) and infanticide. The strong preference for males has
created a shortage of females to be wives, leading to a rise in human
trafficking for brides.[14]
According
to the founder of a charity that works in India’s red light districts, the
average age of female prostitutes in India were between 9 and 13 in 2012.[15]The population of women
and children in sex work in India is stated to be between 70,000 and 1 million.
Of these, 30percent are only 20 years of age. Nearly 15 percent began sex work
when they are below 15, and 25 percent entered between 15 and 18 years. A rough
estimate prepared by an NGO called End Children’s Prostitution in Asian tourism
reveals that there are around 2million prostitutes in India, among them
20percemt are minors. [16]
The
scale of phenomena of trafficking is very difficult to judge. It is very
difficult to collect data on trafficking because of the underground nature of
the problems. The ‘trade is secretive, the women are silenced, the traffickers
are dangerous and not many agencies are counting.’ United Nations estimates
that 4 million people in a year are traded against their will to work in some
form of slavery, many of them are children and believes that in last 30 years
trafficking in women and children for sexual exploitation in Asia alone has
victimised more than 30 million people. [17]
The
United States report says that the numbers of persons affected could be
anywhere between 20 to 65 million. According to some estimates, the estimated
annual turnover of human trafficking in India is around 20 billion rupees. What
is distressing is that out of the total number of persons affected by human
trafficking, as many as 80 per cent are women and 50 per cent are children.[18]
b. Women Trafficking:
Women
and girls are trafficked within the country for the purposes of forced
prostitution. Religious pilgrimage centres and cities popular for tourism
continue to be vulnerable to child sex tourism. Women and girls from Nepal and
Bangladesh, and an increasing number of females from Uzbekistan, Ukraine, and
Russia, are also subjected to sex trafficking in India. There were increasing
reports of females from north-eastern states and Odisha subjected to servile
marriages in states with low female-to-male child sex ratios, including Haryana
and Punjab, and also reports of girls subjected to transactional sexual
exploitation in the Middle East under the guise of temporary marriages. Maoist
armed groups known as the Naxalites forcibly recruited children into their
ranks. Establishments of sex trafficking are moving from more traditional
locations – such as brothels – to locations that are harder to find, and are
also shifting from urban areas to rural areas, where there is less detection.[19]
In
India the trafficking of women is more. The trafficker’s target the women who
are widows, need of money, who ran away from home, are easily trapped by the
traffickers, some women comes into prostitution to gain more money.
c. Child Trafficking:[20]
Child
trafficking is one of the world's major problems. Every year 1.2 million
children are trafficked by different agents. The traffickers bring children and
engage them in factories, mills and brothels. It is a worst form of child labor
as defined by ILO (International Labor Organization). Here the traffickers
recruit, transport, transfer children for the purpose of exploitation.
The
agents involved in trafficking attract the child and his family under the guise
of providing employment. They lure them with the promises of a lucrative job
and comfortable lifestyle abroad and bring them to sell at a high amount of
money. Then the child is engaged into begging, smuggling, drug trade, military
and circuses, beer bars, factories as labourers. As such, the child has to face
tremendous torture physically, sexually and mentally. There is a wide network
of these cheats, often known as traffickers. Brokers, owners of brothels,
family relatives, friends, the police, and political leaders may be connected
with this network.
To
save individuals from human trafficking, effective legal agencies should be set
up that work against traffickers and exploiters. Since the network of
traffickers is interrelated, we need to take strict measures to save people
from human trading. These include effective monitoring, effective coordination
between the ministries of tourism, labor and transport to fight against this
socio-economic problem. This is an issue that needs to be dealt with an iron
hand as it involves child abuse and the denial of basic human rights.
IV. Impact of trafficking:
Human
trafficking is an ill troubling our society even in the 21st
century. Men, women and children, anyone can become its victim. It happens to
be the biggest organized crime in the world, after illegal dealing of drugs and
weapons. The effects of human trafficking are numerous and far reaching.
It
is the possession or trading of humans for the purpose of engaging them in
slavery and prostitution through the means of force and coercion. It is a
flourishing industry that continues to grow every year. It is feared, that
illegal trafficking of humans may soon beat the illegal drug trade. Every day
there are thousands of people falling victims to advertisements luring them
with the promise of a better future. In India, the victims may have been
abducted, deceived or even bought from their family members. They are
vulnerable due to the lack of education, poor financial standing and absolute
immaturity. Trafficking affects at least 7 million lives each year, worldwide.
From the view of the economy, health, psychology and the society, the effects
are scary.[21]
a. Individual:
Trafficked
persons are reportedly shocked by their experiences. Depression and suicidal
thoughts are commonly reported. The mental and emotional state of the survivors
may include malevolence, helplessness, withdrawal, dissociation, self-blame and
identification with the aggressor, distraction, a foreshortened view of time,
normalisation and shaping, so that the victim convince themselves that their
experiences had to happen instead of viewing them as traumatic.
Some
of the observed psychiatric stress disorders among survivors of trafficking are
post-traumatic stress disorder, depressive disorder, dissociative disorders,
psychotic disorders and eating disorders. Women who are made to bear the
responsibility of upholding their family honour through their sexual purity
face additional stress because of the prevalent morality.
The
use of sexual protection is negligible in this industry, leaving the exploited
at a high risk of contracting various sexually transmitted diseases and
HIV/AIDS that they further pass on to the men and their partners. In some
cases, victims are also subjected to substance abuse by being forced to take
drugs. Such individuals also have to constantly battle with drug addiction.
Improper supply of meals and the lack of nutritious food cause malnourishment
in these entrapped victims. Poor living conditions also contribute to the
development of various diseases that these victims suffer from in later years. [22]
Besides
being branded as outcasts and facing moral and legal isolation, trafficked
people are exposed to HIV/AIDS infections, drug addiction, high-risk abortions
and teenage pregnancies, which may affect their reproductive health for life. A
study by an NGO in Dhaka found that ‘more than 20 percent of street children prostitutes die before reaching adulthood…
Almost 22 percent become physically invalid and are fit only for begging’.
Since such psychological trauma usually remains unaddressed ‘the abused turn
into abusers’, with high probability of them becoming criminals. The victims who are trafficked are forced to
lead illegal lives. Illegality spots every dimension of their lives, making
them criminals. Their criminalization severely stigmatizes and intensifies
their victimization, and leaves them with no recourse for redress.
b. Social:
Social factors are those which have been resulted from
the social behavior, social practice, social customs, etc. here I want to bring
to notice about some of the areas which have been contributing to the cause of
trafficking in India.
Child Marriage:
The practice of child marriage still exists in our
country and so does dowry. The man who does not claim the dowry at the time of
marriage is considered as the perfect groom and the daughter is carelessly
“disposed in marriage.” Thus the girls are trafficked in the name of marriage
to Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and other states.[23]
Social Stigma:
The Social Stigma associated with single, divorced,
unwed, widowed, sexually abused women and young girls also is a major
contributing factor. The unwillingness of the society to accept them as an
integral part leads to frustration, isolation and with no support system to
provide them security, they fall a prey to the traffickers. [24]
Domestic Violence:
Indian women have little economic emancipation
especially in the family sphere. On the other hand some of them may be
regularly subjected to domestic violence and abuse, from family and friends. So
the woman is forced to opt out of such situations. Many women who opt or escape
often find themselves helpless. The children from such situations are
vulnerable to run away situations and experiments when they get into the hands
of traffickers.[25]
Trafficking involves the violation of a whole gamut of
laws and human rights. It becomes a threat to society because traffickers
operate across borders with impunity with the growing involvement of organized
criminals and by generally undermining the rule of law. It threatens the very
fabric of society because it involves not only criminals but also law
enforcers. The economic losses to communities and governments are enormous if
considered in terms of lost returns on human or social capital investments. The
cost of countering criminal trafficking activities puts an additional strain on
already limited government resources for law enforcement. A vast amount of
potential income from trafficked labour is lost in hidden sectors. [26]
V. Measures to Prevent Trafficking:
a. LEGAL:
In her critique of trafficking laws in South Asia,
Sanghera (1999) argues that the legal system disempowers trafficked persons
through an erosion of their constitutional and human rights while apparently
attempting to protect them from harm and abuse an impact that is contrary to
the aims of anti-trafficking measures. She also points out that the laws do not
address the cases of women rescued as adults but only deal with those who may
have been trafficked as children. Now we look at the laws of India which
protects the women and children.[27]
Indian Law:[28]
Human Trafficking is not comprehensively defined in
any Indian Law. However there are many laws where reference to different forms
of trafficking is made. Human trafficking is basically dealt with by four laws
in India.
1. The Indian Penal Code, 1861.
2. The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956.
3. Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children),
Act, 2000.
4. Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976.
Despite presence of such a wide legal framework, there
is a need to enforce such laws to curb trafficking from and into India. Not
only enforcing law but there is also a need to develop the areas, which serve
as a source for human trafficking. The root cause of the problem is poverty,
under development, unemployment among others. Therefore we have to address the
problem both socially and by enforcing law India should also play a role at the
international level to stop trafficking countries into India.
b. NGO’S:[29]
NGO’s play a important role in the very alarming but
overlooked issue. Their role may be grouped as follows.
Targeted Research: For a better
understanding of what can be done to reduce the problem of trafficking,
appropriate and targeted research is needed. A systematic research agendum that
included both qualitative and quantitative methods is mandatory. Also an
information system needs to be developed for getting updated information. NGO’s
may undertake research for advocacy on trafficking in women and children by
identifying the causes, mechanisms, trends, high-risk areas and routes of
trafficking. Few of the suggestive area of research may be as Literature review
and situation analysis, NGO inventory, Mapping exercises, Victim database,
Documentation of practices, Indicator development review etc.
Networking: Networking
activities are essential for standardization of messages, materials and
interventions on a particular issue. NGO’s working on trafficking may organize
national, regional and international networks to share information and
experience through cooperation and coordination. These NGO’s may work as a
combined front to rescue, repatriate and reintegrate victims. The NGO’s need to
cover the trafficking issues in their programmes to raise public awareness and
encourage community involvement.
To prevent trafficking NGO’s needed to work together
with the government and try to develop national policies and programmes.
c. Creating Awareness (Schools, Churches, and Colleges):
There is a need awareness programmes on trafficking
should be done in schools, colleges, churches. As the children grow they should
know about this dangerous evil that is destroying many families. In schools,
the children should be taught about the consequences of trafficking. They have
educated about it. And in colleges, the students should be taught about the
ways of trafficking and how the traffickers use various methods to indulge them
in trafficking.
In this issue, Church should play a crucial role in
educating the church youth, members and children. Church has to be the center point in
organizing awareness campaigns in various places.
VI. Pastoral Response:
a. Rehabilitation:
The rehabilitation that is being done for these
rescued women and children are all results of NGO’s initiatives. But it has
been observed that the rehabilitation is always difficult. The following may be
stated as the reasons for this, [30]
1. Loss of self Esteem
2. Loss of trust
3. Impatience to return to family.
4. Refusal from the family and the community.
5. Illiteracy.
6. Unskilled.
7. Unstable
temperament and Social stigma associated with them.
In instances where the root cause of trafficking was
poverty, restoring the girl(as per the court orders) in her village without
providing her the means to ensure her livelihood would only place the girl in a
more vulnerable position and enhance the chances of her being re-trafficked. Though
it gives restoration orders, the government does not have any infrastructure in
place to provide for women and girls who are not accepted back by their
families. However, NGO’s on their own through various means are trying to reach
out to these girls and create opportunities for their economic independence and
a better life.[31]
In rehabilitation process, NGO’s are playing a good
role than government. They are voluntarily rescuing the people from the
traffickers and providing the needs to the rescued people and taking care of
them in a good way. These are not only providing the basic needs, but also help
those people in providing jobs in their organisations are some other and
helping them in their livelihood. They established lot of rehabilitation
centers for these kinds of victims. As pastors we need to show care for these
people to come out of it. We need show our love towards them which gives more
satisfaction for them than any other thing. They need love and care as it is
very essential for them at this stage.
b. Biblical Response:
The biblical accounts of creation make it clear that
every person is made in God's own image and likeness (Gen 1:27). That every
human being is special in the sight of God because each and every person bears
God's image does not seem to be true in the lives of prostitutes. No one is born as
a prostitute, but under the pressures of society, family, and culture, a person
falls into the depth of prostitution. The fact that a person is a prostitute
does not make them any lower in bearing the image of God. Both the Old and New
Testaments bear witness to how God has included even prostitutes in the story
of salvation. They are considered as equals with other human beings. Jesus'
treatment of the woman caught in adultery (John 7:53-8:11) demonstrates that he
considered prostitutes as fallen beings not unlike all other people who also
are fallen beings in need of deliverance and restoration.[32]
In the social and cultural world of the Bible, women
had a lower standing than men. Prostitutes were considered third class
citizens. It is striking that Jesus did not treat women simply as women of
their times, but as persons of value. He took them seriously. He asked them
questions, encouraged their potential, and lifted them up to the dignity they
deserved. Jesus' attitude toward women and his treatment of them was radical.
He considered men and women and even prostitutes to be equal—equal in their
need to be helped, and equal in their need to be pointed toward the new future
of God's kingdom. He showed us that even prostitutes are to be recognized as
subjects in their own right, as fellow human beings, fellow disciples, and not
just the objects of men's desire. Their lives and rights are to be recognized
as important and not to be endangered by the natural desires of men for even
Jesus took them seriously and respected their opinions. He embraced those women
who were despised by their society, and he offered them forgiveness and
compassion. He did not care for their profession, but he cared for them. This
he did with an unconditional love, helping them to realize that they were
worthy in God's eyes and that they are in the heart of God.[33]
We need to show love to those people who are in a
state of depression. Love helps us to build trustworthy relationships with
these people. We Christians must
understand that we are continuing the ministry of Jesus and that we are to
treat everyone with dignity and respect because everyone is created in the
image and likeness of God. Only then will we serve and minister the way
Jesus did. Then we will be able to understand the heart of God, and we will
serve in reverence and obedience, and genuinely care even for those in the sex
trade. As Jesus said to a sexually exploited woman in his day, "Has no one condemned you? Then
neither do I condemn you, go now and leave your life of sin" (John
8:10-11).[34]
VII. Conclusion:
To
fight against human trafficking, several short-term and long-term measures are
needed to be taken up at all levels. There is an urgent need to create
awareness among the public about human trafficking. Media can play a very
effective role here. As now we can see the power of media in our country it
will be good if it takes a crucial role in tackling trafficking. Measures
should be taken to reduce poverty which helps in battling in long run.
Government has to play a key role in the reduction of poverty. As India is also
a transfer point for human trafficking, the government should take speedy
measures to secure India's borders.
There is a need to develop an institutionalized system
of co-ordination between the law enforcement agencies and non-governmental
organisations (NGOs) who sometimes prove to be more effective than government
agencies in exposing human trafficking networks. There is a need to have
greater co-ordination between different states in India as trafficking has a
long trail from the source point to the destination with several transit points
in between. Investigation in the cases involving human trafficking should be
carried out with the aim to destroy this long trail. Increased co-ordination
between government departments like police, public welfare, health, women and
child is required to ensure an effective response. Government and NGOs should
work together to ensure post-rescue rehabilitation of the victims in terms of
providing them healthcare, education and other employment opportunities.[35]
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Singh, Atul Pratap Singh and Parvez Ahmed Khan ( New Delhi: Serials
Publications, 2012), 6.
[18] http://www.policyproposalsforindia.com/article.php
[19] http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2012/192367.html
[20] http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts-about-human-trafficking.html
[21]
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/effects-of-human-trafficking.html
[22] http://www.buzzle.com/articles/effects-of-human-trafficking.html
[23]
Shashi Nath Mandal, Trafficking in Women and Children: A
Socio-Legal Challenge to India, in Trafficking In Women and Children in
India: Emerging Perspectives issues and Strategies edited by Awadhesh Kumar
Singh, Atul Pratap Singh and Parvez Ahmed Khan (New Delhi: Serials Publications),
512.
[24] Ibid, 512.
[25] Ibid, 512.
[26] Institute
of Social Sciences, Trafficking in Women and Children in India (New Delhi: Institute of Social Sciences 2007), 16.
[27] Institute
of Social Sciences, Trafficking in Women and Children in India (New Delhi: Institute of Social Sciences 2007), 19.
[28] B.P. Singh and G. Rajvanshi, Trafficking in Women and Children: A
Socio-Legal Challenge to India, in Trafficking In Women and Children in
India: Emerging Perspectives issues and Strategies edited by Awadhesh Kumar
Singh, Atul Pratap Singh and Parvez Ahmed Khan, (New Delhi: Serials
Publications, 2012), 177-180.
[29]
Jayant C and M. Das, Combating Human trafficking with NGO’s in
North Eastern States: Some Suggestive Roles, in Trafficking In Women and
Children in India: Emerging Perspectives issues and Strategies edited by
Awadhesh Kumar Singh, Atul Pratap Singh and Parvez Ahmed Khan (New Delhi:
Serials Publications, 2012), 501-502.
[30] Nimish
Gupta, Child Trafficking in India: Some
Remedial Measures, in
Trafficking In Women and Children in India: Emerging Perspectives issues and
Strategies edited by Awadhesh Kumar Singh, Atul Pratap Singh and Parvez Ahmed
Khan (New Delhi: Serials Publications, 2012), 356
[31]
Nimish Gupta, Child Trafficking in India:
Some Remedial Measures, in
Trafficking In Women and Children in India: Emerging Perspectives issues and
Strategies edited by Awadhesh Kumar Singh, Atul Pratap Singh and Parvez Ahmed
Khan (New Delhi: Serials Publications, 2012), 356.
[32] Asha
Sanchu, Caring for Those in the Sex
Trade: A Response to Louise Kretzschmar, Nagaland Baptist Church Council,
Nagaland, 233.
[33] Asha
Sanchu, Caring for Those in the Sex
Trade: A Response to Louise Kretzschmar, Nagaland Baptist Church Council,
Nagaland, 236
[34] Asha
Sanchu, Caring for Those in the Sex
Trade: A Response to Louise Kretzschmar, Nagaland Baptist Church Council,
Nagaland, 237.
[35] http://www.policyproposalsforindia.com/article.php
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